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Tuesday, December 06, 2005
Gjergj Kastrioti Skender Beu (1405-1468)
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Gjergj (Albanian: George) Kastrioti was born in Kruja from Gjon Kastrioti, lord of Middle Albania, who was obliged by the Ottomans to pay tribute to the Empire. To assure the fidelity of local rulers the Sultan used to take their sons as hostage and bring them up in his court. Gjergj Kastrioti attended military school in the Ottoman Empire and was named Iskander Bey which in Turkish means Lord Alexandre.
He was distinguished as one of the best officers in several Ottoman campaigns both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and the Sultan appointed him General. He even fought against Greeks, Serbs and Hungarians, and some sources says that he used to maintain secret links with Raguse, Venice, Vladislas of Hungary et Alphonse V of Naples. Sultan Murat II gave him the title Vali which made him the General Governor of some provinces in central Albania. He was respected everywhere but he missed his country.
In 1443, during the battle against the Hungarians of Hunyadi in Nish (in present day Serbia), he abandoned the Ottoman Army and captured Kruja, his father's seat in middle Albania. Above the castle he rose the Albanian flag, a red flag with the black double-headed eagle, the present-day Albanian flag, and pronounced to his countrymen the famous words: "I have not brought you liberty, I found it here, among you". He managed to unite all Albanian princes at the town of Lezha (League of Lezha, 1444) and united them under his command to fight against the Turks.
During the next 25 years he fought, with forces rarely exceeding 20,000 against the most powerful army of that time and defeated it for 25 years. In 1450 the Turkish army was led by the Sultan Murad II in person, who died after his defeat in the way back. Two other times, in 1466 and 1467, Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, led the Turkish army himself against Skenderbeg and failed too. The Ottoman Empire attempted to conquer Kruja 24 times and failed all 24 of them. Skenderbeg's military successes evoked a good deal of interest and admiration of the Papal state, Venice and Naples, themselves threatened by the growing Ottoman power across the Adriatic. The Albanian warrior played his hand with a good deal of political and diplomatic skill in his dealings with the three Italian states. Hoping to strengthen and expand the last Christian bridgehead in the Balkans, they provided Skenderbeg with money, supplies and occasionally with troops. One of his most powerful and consistent supporters was Alfonso the Magnanimous (1416-1458), the Aragone king of Naples, who decided to take Skenderbeg under his protection as vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. In addition to financial assistance, the King of Naples undertook to supply the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment as well as with sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. As an active defender of the Christian cause in the Balkans, Skenderbeg was also closely involved with the politics of four Popes, one of them being Pius II (1458-1464) or Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, the Renaissance humanist, writer and diplomat.
Profoundly shaken by the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pius II tried to organise a new crusade against the Turks; consequently he did his best to come to Skenderbeg's aid, as two of his predecessors Nicholas V and Calixtus III, had done before him. This policy was continued by his successor, Paul II,(1464-1473).They gave him the title Athleta Christi.
For a quarter of a century he and his country prevented Turks from invading Catholic Western Europe.
After his death from natural causes in 1468 in Lezha, his soldiers resisted the Turks for the next 12 years. In 1480 Albania was finally conquered by the Ottoman Empire. When the Turks found the grave of Skenderbeg in Saint Nicholas church of Lezha, they opened it and held his bones like talismans for luck. In 1480 the Turks invaded Italy and conquered the City of Otranto.
Skenderbeg's posthumous renown was by no means confined to his own country. Voltaire thought the Byzantine Empire would have survived had it possesed a leader of his quality. A number of poets and composers have also drawn inspiration from his military career. The French sixteenth-century poet Ronsard wrote a poem about him and so did the nineteenth-century American poet Longfellow. Antonio Vivaldi, too, composed an opera entitled Scanderbeg.
Skenderbeg today is the National Hero of Albania. Many museums and monuments are raised in his honour around Albania, and among them the Museum of Skenderbeg in his famous castle in Kruja
Ne Shqip
I pari autor i jetëshkrimit të Skënderbeut ka qenë Martin Barleti, i cili jetonte në nji kohë me fatosin tone kombëtar. Barleti ishte nji prift katolik nga Shkodra që pat rastin me njoftë disa nga prijësit luftarak t'asaj kohe, të cilët I kallzuen gjithçka dinin mbi trimnit dhe fitoret e të parit të tyne, Gjergj Kastriotit. Ai kishte pasë gjithashtu mundësin me studjue dokumentet zyrtare të arkivit të Venedikut, ku kishte shkue me jetue mbas pushtimit të Shkodrës prej Turqve. Biografin e Skënderbeut ai e shkrojti në gjuhën latine dhe e botoi në Romë në fillim të shekullit të XVI. Nji shekull ma vonë, G.Bienuni, nji prift italian nga Brescia, gjeti nji tjetër biografi të Skënderbeut të shkrojtun prej nji auktori anonim prej Tivari, të cilin Imzot Fan Noli e pagësoi Tivarasi. Dorëshkrimi origjinal i veprës së Tivarasit, që mbante datën 1480, ka humbë përjetë dhe njifet vetëm nga referencat dhe citatat që përmban libri i Biemmit "Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto Scander-Begh".
Nji burim i tretë origjinal mbi jetën e Skënderbeut asht Gjin Muzaka, i cili ishte nga familja sunduese feodale e Beratit dhe luftoi krahpërkrah me Skënderbeun. Ai jetoi në Shqipni edhe 11 vjet mbas vdekjes së heroit t'onë dhe mandej u vendos në Napoli. Atje shkrojti "Historin dhe trashëgimin brez mbas brezi të familjes së Muzakëve", ku kallzon historin e Skënderbeut si nji gja që ka dishmue ai vet.
Në shekullin e XIX, dijetarë të kombësive të ndryshme, tue lanë menjianë veprat e shumta që ishin shkruejtë gjatë dy shekujve të maparshëm, u kthyen përsëri në burimet origjinale që ishin mbyllë në
arkivat e Vatikanit, Venedikut, Raguzës dhe Stambollit. Zbulimet e tyne kanë shtie nji dritë të re mbi jetën dhe veprat e Skënderbeut. Disa e përmendin në vepra të përgjithëshme dhe fort të gjata që shkruejtën mbi shekullin e zaptimit të Balkanit nga Turqët. Disa të tjerë si Anglezi Clement Moors, Francezi Camille Paganel, Gjermani Z. Pisko, shkruejtën biografi të gjata të Skënderbeut. Por punën ma të madhe dhe ma të vlefshme e bane eruditët Thalloczy, Jireçek dhe Shufflay, të cilët mblodhën së bashku dhe botuen nji koleksion dokumentash që përbajnë nji vepër monumentale mbi Shqipnin e asaj kohe. Ma në fund, iu erdhi radha Shqiptarve. Mbas luftës së parë botnore, Imzot Fan Noli botoi "Historin e Skënderbeut", e cila gëzoi menjiherë nji popularitet të jashtëzakonshëm dhe u mësue gadi përmendsh nga nxanësit e shkollave në atdheun e lirë. At Martin Sirdani mblodhi dhe botoi gojëdhanat e popullit mbi Skënderbeun. Më 1937 Thanas Gegaj i parashtroi Universitetit të Louvain në Belgjikë nji thezë doktorati në gjuhën frengjishte me titullin "L'Albanie et l'invasion turque au XVëme siëcle". Kjo u botue në formë libri me shpenximet e Universitetit. Mbas luftës së dytë botnore, pikërisht më 1947, Fan Noli botoi nji histori të Skënderbeut në gjuhën anglishte. Kjo asht nji vepër shkencore e nji niveli shum të naltë, sidomos për shënimet kritike mbi veprat e auktorve të shumtë që kanë shkruejtë mbi Skënderbeun, ashtu edhe mbi personalitetet dhe ngjarjet historike që kanë pasë lidhje me epopën tone kombëtare. Dobija ma e çmueshme e kësaj vepre qëndron në orvatjen e auktorit me dallue faktet nga legjendat dhe paragjykimet. Mjerisht, tue dashtë me interpretue ngjarjet historike mbas theoris marksiste, Imzot Noli sikur mundohet me e futë Skënderbeun në kallëpin e nji shefi gueriljesh të kohës sonë. Nga ana tjetër tue dashtë me korrigjue nji tregim të Barletit që i duket i gabuem, ai jep nji versjon të tijën që prish ndoshta nji legjendë, por nuk duket ma i bindëshëm.
Sidoqoftë, unë nuk kam pasë, as mjetet, as kohën me i studjue vet burimet origjinale. Prandaj e them menjiherë se ky kapitull asht bazue në veprat e Imzot Fan Nolit dhe të Thanas Gegajt me farë pak shtesa ose ndryshime nga burime të tjera.Kthimi ne Kruje
Gjergj Kastrioti, që muer famë me mbiemrin Skënderbe, ishte djali ma i vogël i Gjon Kastriotit, kryetari i nji prej familjeve princore ma të fuqishme të Shqipnis së Mesme. Gjergj Kastrioti lindi në Kruje më 1405, mbas biografis së Barletit, më 1412 mbas mendimit të Fan Nolit. Legjenda popullore, që u thur mbas gojëdhanës, thotë se e ama, Princesha Vojsava, kur priste fëmijën pa në andërr se i dha jetë nji dragoi që ishte i madh sa e tanë Shqipnija dhe përpinte Turqët me shumicë. Gjergji kishte, kur lindi, shenjën e nji shpatë në krahun e djathtë. Që i vogël ai tregoi nji interesim të çuditshëm për armët e luftës dhe i pëlqente me luejtë si ushtar me vllaznit dhe me djemt e tjerë të moshës së tij.
Mbas disfatës që pësoi nga dora e Turqve më 1423, Gjon Kastrioti u detyrue me i dërgue Sulltanit si peng të katër djemt e tij. Barleti shkruen se Gjergji ishte vetëm 6 vjeç. Kurse shifrat që dhamë ma sipër tregojnë se duhet të kenë qenë 18, domethanë nji djal që kuptonte nga bota dhe që nuk mund të asimilohej* krejt në ambjentin e ri të Oborrit të Sulltanit. Biografët ma të vjetër janë dakord se Skënderbeu kaloi gadi 20 vjet si peng në duert e Turqve para kthimit të tij dramatik në Krujë më 1443. Domethanë se ishte nji burrë i pjekun 38 vjeç kur ngriti flamurin e luftës së shenjtë kundër shkelësit otoman. Tue shkelë zotimin që kishte dhanë, Sulltan Murati detyroi të katër djemt e Kastriotit të pranojnë fën muhamedane. Mandej, iu ndërroi emnat tur quejtë Gjergjin Isqender-Bej, që u kthye shqip në Skënderbe. Ky asht një emën simbolik që iu dha Skënderbeut për kujtim të Lekës së Madh, tue qenë se nuk ekziston ndër emnat muslimane.
Në oborrin e Sulltanit Skënderbeu u vue në shkollën e kadetve të Pallatit. Përveç truqishtes ai mësoi edhe disa gjuhë të tjea dhe sidomos italishten. Arti i luftës zgjoi interesimin e tij ma të madh. Porsa ishte në moshë me përdorë armët, ai u çque në lojnat ushtarake në mes të gjith vërsnikve të tij. Shpata ishte arma e tij ma e preferueme, dhe vrapimi maj kalit sporti që i pëlqente ma tepër. Nga pamja fizike ishte i gjatë, me nji trup të derdhun prej statuje, me sy që shkëlqenin nga gjallnija dhe zgjuetija dhe nji hijeshim burrnor të mahnitshëm. Sulltan Muratit i kishte ba përshtypje shkathtësia e tij mendore dhe mjeshtërija e përsosun në garat me armë. Ai e muer me simpathi dhe e la të jetonte, ndërsa vllaznit e tij duket se u mbytën në nji mënyrë që nuk dihet mirë.
Skënderbeu u ba komandant kavalerije në ushtërin otomane dhe muer pjesë në disa luftra të Sulltanit n'Evropë dhe n'Azi. "Në rrethimin e nji fortese n'Anadoll, - shkruen Fan Noli, - Skënderbeu, si Leka I Madh, u ngjit majë murit, ngriti sanxhakun dhe hyni i pari në qytet". Mbas çdo spedite Skënderbeu kthehej ngadhnjyes dhe sillte n'Edrenë robër dhe plaçkë pa masë. Fama e tij rritej dita-ditës; ushtërija e adhuronte; komandantët e tjerë e kishin zili.
Ndërsa Skënderbeu ishte në oborrin e Sulltanit, lufta kundër Turqve vazhdonte akoma në Shqipni. Sikur e pamë, më 1432, Andreja Topija korri nji fitore të madhe, e cila pat si pasojë nji kryengritje të përgjithëshme prej Shkodre në Gjinokastër. Tri ushtëri të tjera që Sulltani dërgoi kundër Shqipnis tre vjet me radhë u shkatërruen dhe u kthyen në Edrenë pa e krye qëllimin. Suksesi ua shtoi guximin Shqiptarve, të cilët sulmuen garnizonin turk të Gjinokastrës. Atëherë Sulltani dërgoi nji ushtëri të zgjedhun ndën komandën e Isak Beut nga Shkupi. Shqiptarët u kapën në mes të dy zjarreve dhe pësuen nji disfatë të plotë. Megjithatë, orvatja e Turqve me zaptue Beratin me 1438' u përpoq në nji rezistencë shqiptare të pathyeshme.
Duket sikur Gjon Kastrioti kishte qendrue larg këtyne luftrave tue respektue detyrimet që kishte marrë kundrejt Sulltanit. Prapseprap, kur vdiq në vitin 1443, Sulltan Murati nuk ia dijti për nder qëndrimin e tij korrekt dhe të paanshëm, por aneksoi menjiherë principatën e tij dhe dërgoi nji guvernator turk në kështjellën e Krujës. Skënderbeu, i cili kishte mbetë si I vetnu trashëgimtar i shtëpis së Kastriotve, u helmue fort nga kjo pabesi. Ai u betue me vehte se nuk do të linte që kjo grabitje të kalonte pa dënim dhe se do të çkëpuste pronat e familjes nga thonjtë e uzurpatorit. Rastin e volitshëm për të prue betimin e tij në vend Skënderbeu e gjeti më 1443. Ai ishte tue marrë pjesë në nji speditë ushtarake drejtue kundër Kristianve t'Evropës, të primun prej Vojvodës së Hungaris, Jonash Hunjadi. Beteja ndërmjet të dy ushtërive u zhvillue në Konovicë afër Nishit. Skënderbeu, i cili komandonte nji krah të ushtëris turke, pushoi së luftuemi dhe Hunjadi duel fitues. Skënderbeu, i cili kishte ba mend me u kthye në atdhe për të librue tokat arbnore, detyroi qatipin e Sulltanit me i dhanë nji ferman për guvernatorin e Krujës që t'i dorzonte kështjellën. Porsa mërrijti në Krujë, Gjergj Kastrioti u kthye në fen e të parve dhe proklamoi luftën e shenjtë kundër invaduesve muhamedan. Ky epizod dramatik i kthimit të Skënderbeut në Krujë, asht përshkrue në historin e Barletit dhe asht përjetsue në vjershën "Skanderbeg" të poetit amerikan Longfellow. Peshkop Fan Noli shpall se epizodi i kthimit të Skënderbeut në kështjellën historike asht pjella e imagjinatës së Barletit. Pikpamja e tij asht se, mbas kapitullimit të Gjon Kastriotit, Skënderbeu qëndroi pranë babes së tij dhe vetëm kohëmbaskohe shkonte me luftue për Sulltanin në krye të nji fuqije shqiptare.
Kët thezë të rë Imzot Fan Noli e zhvillon në historin anglishte të Skënderbeut që botoi mbas lufte. Po të jet e vërtetë kjo, atëherë del se Skënderbeu nuk u muer peng nga Sulltan Murati. Kurse të gjith auktorët e asaj kohe thonë me siguri se Skënderbeu kaloi disa yjet në oborrin e Sulltanit. Vet Fan Noli nuk e mohon drejtpërsëdrejti kët fakt. Them fakt, sepse përdryshe nuk shpjegohet se si Gjergj Kastrioti muer mbiemnin Isqender dhe titullin bej që ishte atëherë nji gradë në hjerarkin e ushtëris otomane. Nji tjetër pike që mbetet e pashpjegueshme në thezën e Imzot N.olit asht se si Skënderbeu kaloi njizet vjet në Shqipni mbas mundjes së Gjon Kastriotit dhe nuk muer pjesë në luftrat që u zhvilluen në tokën arbnore. 1 vetmi korrigjim me vënd që Fan Noli i ka ba historis së Barletit asht se, kur u muer peng nga Sulltani, Skënderbeu nuk ishte nji çilimi i vogël, por nji djal i rritun në votrën atnore, i cili kishte kuptue tragjedin e atdheut të sulmuen dhe të mposhtun nga nji fuqi e huej.
Asht rasti me theksue se qysh kur shkrojti historin e Skënderbeut në gjuhën amtare, Fan Noli u ba dishepulli I doktrinës së Karl Marksit. 1 hutuem nga enthuzjazmi për kët fë të rë politike dhe shoqnore, Peshkop Noli mundohet me futë historin në kallëpin e dogmave të thata marksiste mbi luftën e klasave, determinizmin ekonomik, etj. Në konceptin materialist të historis që predikojnë dishepujt e Marksit nuk ka vënd për ndjenja patriotike dhe për heronj kombëtar, jeta e të cilve asht përzie me legjendë, mbasi për marksistët historin e bajnë "masat". Por derisa Imzot Noli nuk ep prova ma bindëse, na do të preferojmë kallzimin e Barletit mbi kthimin e Skënderbeut në Krujë.
Skënderbeu në mes të Turqve dhe Venedikut
Mbasi ngriti flamurin kuq e zi mbi kështjellën e Krujës dhe shpalli luftën e shenjtë kundër invaduesve mysliman, Skënderbeu shtini në dorë pikat e forta të principatës së Kastriotve ku Sulltani kishte vendosë garnizone ushtarake të përhershme. Randësin ma të madhe në mes të tyne e kishte Stefigradi, në kufinin linduer të Shqipnisë, që shërbente si nji kullë vëshgimi për të diktue afrimin e ordhive anmike, të cilat aviteshin gjithnji nga ai drejtim. Të gjith Turqët dhe Shqiptarët që ishin kthye muhamedanë u ftuen të pranojnë fen Kristjane. Ata që refuzuen Skënderbeu urdhnoi që të griheshin pa mëshirë. Kjo ishte e para gjakderdhje që i dha shkëndijë luftës 25 vjeçare që Skënderbeu bani kundër dy Sulltanve osmanlli. Nji valë e bujshme enthuzjasmi në tanë Shqipnin shoqnoi kthimin e Skënderbeut në Krujë. Fama e tij si nji prijës i madh ushtarak kishte ra në veshin e çdo Shqiptari, malcor a fusharak, i madh a I vogël, i pasun a i vorfën. Kjo ishte arma e tij ma e fortë, mbasi ai kuptonte se nji bashkim i ngushtë i të gjith Shqiptarve ishte i domosdoshëm për me iu ba ballë me sukses hyryshit të ordhive turke që nuk do të vonoheshin mbas gjith atyne që ndodhën. Gjergj Kastrioti iu bani nji thime të parve të kombit për të bashkue fuqit për nji qëllim dhe ndën nji komandë të vetme. Kushtrimi i tij u ndigjue dhe nji kuvend kombëtar u mblodh në Llesh, që ishte ndën sundimin e Venedikut. Në kuvënd muerën pjesë krenët e familjeve ma të fuqishme shqiptare, ndër të cilët ma të çquemit ishin: Pal Dugjakini, Pjetër Shpati, Gjergj Ballsha, Andrea Topija, Theodor Muzaka, ashtu edhe Stefan Cërnojeviç i Malit të Zi. Ata u mblodhën më 2 Mars 1444 në kathedralën e Shën Kollit dhe formuen Lidhjen e Princave Shqiptar, tue zgjedhë njizanit Skënderbeun si kryekomandant. Çdo antar i Lidhjes rezervoi të drejtën me caktue numrin e ushtarve që do t'epte si kontribut drejt qëllimit të përbashkët. Ndërsa Skënderbeu kishte likuidue garnizonet turke në tokat e principatës së Kastriotve, kështjella dhe qytete të tjerë të Shqipnis ndodheshin akoma ndën okupatën e anmikut. Kjo bahej sambas rregullave të luftës mesjetare, kur nji prijës lokal, i cili kapitullonte përpara Sulltanit, detyrohej me pague nji haraç të përvitshëm, me i dhanë peng nji a ma tepër pjestarë të familjes së tij dhe me pranue vendosjen e nji garnizoni turk në nji qytet ose kështjellë të principatës së tij. Kur Gjergj Kastrioti proklamoi luftën e shenjtë kundër Sulltan Muratit, garnizone turke kishte në Vlonë, Kaninë, Gjinokastër, Berat dhe Elbasan. Ndërsa në Shqipni u organizuen fuqit për ndeshjen supreme me nji anmik që nuk dinte me u ndale, ne shtetet fqinj kishte marre fund gadi krejt çdo rezistence e orgamzueme Qysh me 1389, Serbia ishte ba nji provincje otomane me Despotin Gjergj Brankoviç si vasal te Sulltamt, te cilit i ishte dhane dy djem si peng dhe te bijen si grue.
Bullgaria kishte pushue me qene nji mbretni e pamvarun qysh me 1393, kur kryeqyteti i saj Ternova kishte ra ne duert e Turqve Stambolli vet ishte nji qytet gadi I rrethuem Nga Oborn i tij ne Edrene Sulltam i diktonte Perandont se çfare politike me ndjeke Kur perandon Jani I Vin Paleologu zgjodhi si trashegimtar te mpin Kostandin, Sulltam u informue dhe çfaqi pelqimin e tij Kostandinit, i cili u ba Perandori i fundit i Bizantit, ishte ne at kohe Despoti i Morës, ku memzi po qendronte ne fuqi, ndersa po e sulmomn Turqet nga nji ane dhe Pnncet latin te Greqis nga ana tjeter
I vetmi udheheqes kristian qe luftonte kunder Turqve ishte Jan Hunjadi I Hungaris Ai kishte perkrah kandidaturen e Mbretit Ladislav i III te Polonis, me qene edhe mbret i Hungaris Mbas instalimit tetij ne fronin e Shen Stefanit, Ladislavi kishte emnue Hunjadin Vojvode te Transilvanis dhe komandant te forteses se Belgradit Pikerisht gjate nji lufte te Hunjadit kunder Turqve, Skenderbeu gjeti rastin, sikunder e pame ma nalt, me u kthye kunder Sulltanit.
Boten Kristiane te Perendimit e perfaqesonte ne Shqipni Venediku qe okupcnte skelat e Tivarit, Ulqinit, Lleshit dhe Durresit Qysh diten e pare qe Turqet shkelen kambe n'Evrope, venedikasit filluen me ba nji politike me dy faqe mbas tradites se Dandolos, tue synue vetem e vetem mteresat e tyne egoiste Qendrimi I Republikes se Shen-Markut gjate Kuvendit te Lleshit ilustron ma se mirit ket politike oportuniste qe kishte per parim me i la duert kur punet shkonin keq.
Venedikasit lejuen qe Kuvendi te mbahej ne toke te tyne per te dhane pershtypjen se ishin ne favor te luftes kunder Turqve Ata derguen observues per te pa se ç'u vendos gjate Kuvendit, por refuzuen me marre ndonji detyrim konkret per me lu ndihmue Shqiptarve Pa u trondite nga qendrimi i dyshimte I Venedikut, Skenderbeu u kthye ne Kruje dhe filloi menjehere pregatitjet ushtarake per sulmet nga lindja qe priteshin or'e cast.
Sulltan Murati e priti lajmin e "dezerhmit" te Skenderbeut si nji ofeze personale qe duhej ndeshkue pa vonese. Ai ishte i bindun se nji spedite ushtarake nden komanden e gjeneralit te tij ma te zotin do te mjaftonte per te likuidue "rebelin Isqender" qe i kishte shpalle lufte me nji guxim te marre.
Ne Qershor te vitit 1444 nji ushten turke prej 25 000 vetesh, shumica kalores, u nis nden gjeneralin Ali Pasha per me I dhane fund "rebelizmit" te Shqiptarve Por pa kalue shum kohe, Sulltan Murati muer haberin se ushteria e Ali Pashes ishte sulmue befas dhe shpartallue nga trimat e Skenderbeut ne nji lugine te Dibres se Poshtme Beteja, sado e shkurte, kishte qene e rrepte tue i shkaktue anmikut 7000 te vrame Nga ana e Shqiptarve te vramit ishin afro 2000 dhe po ai numur te plagosumsh Si thote Barleti, ne at shesh lufte luanet u ndeshen me luane Kjo fitore e pare e Skenderbeut pati nji oshetime te madhe ne mbare Evropen Knstiane Papa Eugjen i IV, Mbreti Ladislav i Hungans e Poloms dhe Duka i Burgonjes Filip le Bon e brohonten me enthuziasem NjI I derguem fuqiplote i Hungaris u nis per ne Kruje me lidhe nji aleance me mbretin pa kunore te Shqipnis. Rasti ma i pare per bashkepunim ne luftë të forcave kristiane u paraqit para mbarimit të vitit 1444. Jani Hunjadi dhe Mbreti Ladislav i III ishin tue luftue me Turqët në skelën Varna të Detit të Zi. Skënderbeu u ba gadi me u shkue në ndihmë aleatve të tij, mirpo Despoti I Sërbis, Gjergj Brankoviç, ndaloi kalimin e ushtëris shqiptare nëpër tokat e tij. Ai vuni si shkak armëpushimin për dhjet vjet që ishte nënshkrue në mes të Hungaris dhe Sulltanit në Czegedin më 12 Korrik 1444. Në bazë të atij traktati Murati i II i kishte njoftë si sundimtar në principatën e tij. Kurse i dërguemi i Papës Kardinal Cesarini e kishte bindë mbretin Ladislav me e shkelë armëpushimin. Atëhere Polonija dhe Hungarija i shpallën luftë Perandoris Otomane. Sulltan Murati, i cili ishte tërheqë nga jeta aktive, u kthye me vrap në Edrenë dhe muer komandën e ushtëris turke. Beteja u zhvillue afër Varnës. Armata Kristiane pësoi nji disfatë dërrmuese dhe Kardinali Cesarini bashkë me mbretin Ladislav mbetën të vramë në sheshin e betejës. 1 pikëlluem nga pamundësijë me mbajtë premtimin, Skënderbeu i dha nji mësim Despotit Brankoviç tue ba kërdin në tokat serbe pranë kufinit. Të vetnut në botën kristiane t'Evropës që e muerën me sy të keq fitoren e Skënderbeut qenë Venedikasit. Ata u trembën se mos Gjergj Kastrioti bahej prijës i gjith Kristianve të Perëndimit dhe kërcënonte ma tepër se vet Sulltani dallaverat dhe kombinacjonet* e tyre tregtare jo shum të pastra. Për të evitue nji gja të tillë Doga I Venedikut filloi negocjata me Turqët për të shtie në dorë Vlonën dhe Gjinokastrën. Sikur nuk mjaftoi kjo, Venedikasit gjetën sebep nga një përleshje ndërmjet dy familjeve princore shqiptare për me I shpallë luftë Skënderbeut, i cili iu dha nji dackë të shëndoshë në betejën e Drinit më 23 Korrik 1448. Doge i banë apel Sulltanit, i cili dërgoi menjiherë nji armatë në Shqipni. Kësaj Skënderbeu ia ndreqi hesapin në gusht po t'atij viti. Nji paqe e mballosun u nënshkrue vitin tjetër, kurse për pak Venediku do të kishte humbë të gjitha posedimet e tij në Shqipni. Skënderbeu muer premtimin se Republika e Shën Markut do t'i paguente nji subvencjon të përvitshëm prej 1400 dukatë dhe nji hua prej 1500 dukatë për të marrë pjesë me Hunjadin në luftën kundër Turqve. Ky farë armëpushimi, jo shum I sigurtë, vazhdoi deri më 1463 kur Venediku vet ishte në luftë me Turqët dhe, tue pasë nevojë për krahun e pathyeshëm të Skënderbeut, vrapoi me firmue nji aleancë me të.
Prej vitit 1444 e tutje Sulltani dërgoi mot për mot kundër Skënderbeut nji ushtëri turke ndën komandën e njanit apo tjetrit prej gjeneralve të tij ma të mirë. Te gjith u mundën me nji rregullsi të pagabueshme para se me mërrijtë deri në Krujë. Ma në fund, më 1450 Murati i II vendosi me u nisë vet në krye të ushtëris për me i hanger kryet këtij kapiteni të nji populli malcorësh që guxonte me i ba luftë sundimtarit ma të fuqishëm t'asaj kohe. Kështu u ba rrethimi i parë i Krujës ndën komandën e vet Sulltanit të perandoris Otomane. Ai kishte prue me vehte metalin për të shkrie topa në vënd. Gjylet treqind kilshe ranë si breshër kundër mureve të kështjellës, mbasi komandanti, kont Urani, refuzoi me përbuzje nji ultimatum* me u dorzue. Bombardimi i furishëm bani efektin dhe muri i kalas u çpue në nji vend. Yryshi I ushtëris turke me u futë mbrenda u ndal përpara murit të krahnorve Shqiptare.
Muej me radhë Sulltan Murati nxiti ushtarët e tij me zaptue reduktin e fundit të rezistencës shqiptare, por më kot. Turqët duhej të mbronin vehten nga sulmet e trimave të Skënderbeut që kishin zanë pozitë në malet përmbi kështjellën dhe nuk e linin anmikun të merrte frymë, të gruponte fuqit, të sillte ushtëri dhe material dhe të pregatiste mësymjen. Nërkaq, Venedikasit banin pare tue iu shitë Turqve ushqim dhe municjon. Në dëshpërim e sipër, Skënderbeu ofroi me iu dhanë Krujën po të vinin me i ndihmue atij në vend që me ndihmue anmikun. Por ata thanë se tregtija me Turqët iu leverdiste ma tepër. Prapseprap ndihma e venedikasve nuk e shpëtoi Sulltanin nga disfata. Mbas pes muej orvatjesh të pafrytëshme Sulltan Murati ngriti rrethimin e Krujës dhe u kthye në kryeqytetin e tij. "Kështu mbaroi, shkruen Falmrayer, - akti i parë i tragjedis shqiptare".
Tue ndjekë gjurma-gjurmës Turqët që po tërhiqeshin, Skënderbeu u kthye triumfalisht në Krujë. Ishte e para here qysh prej kohës së Sulltan Osmanit, që nji ushtëri turke thyhej në luftë tue pasë në krye vet shefin e Perandoris. Skënderbeu muer famë si gjenerah ma i madh i botës kristiane. Ai kishte dalë fitues kundër nji ushtërije dhjet herë ma të madhe dhe që ishte pajosë me artilerin ma të mirë t'asaj kohe. Triumfi i Shqiptarve kishte kunorëzue gjashtë vjet luftime të parreshtuna, por humbjet në njerëz ishin shum të mëdha. Me mija Shqiptarë ishin vra në luftë ose masakrue, shum krahina ishin shkretue nga anmiku që tërhiqej. Skënderbeu kishte nevojë të ngutëshme për ndihma, për me iu ba ballë sulmeve të tjerë që nuk kishin për të vonue. Pikërisht n'at kohë të kritikëshme disa nga pjestarët ma të fuqishëm të Lidhjes Shqiptare e lanë në baltë fatosin kombëtar, tue dezertue kush në Turqët, kush me Venedikasit. Vetëm pjestarët ma të ngushtë të familjes i qëndruen besnik Skënderbeut. Gjergj Kastriotit nuk i mbetej rrugë tjetër veçse me gjetë aleatë të tjerë jashtë Shqipnis. Ai iu drejtue Mbretit të Napolit, Alfonsit të V, i cili ishte anmik I Osmanllive dhe i Venedikut. Kësisoj, Italija e Jugut u përzie edhe nji herë në historin e Shqipnis. Në nji kapitull të maparshëm kallzova se si Papa Urban i IV ftoi të vëllan e mbretit të Francës, Karlin Anjou (Anzhu), me i shkue në ndihmë kundër mbretit të Siçiljes dhe Napolit, Manfred, që ishte prej shtëpis mbretnore gjermane Hohenstaufen. Në Kallnuer 1266, Papa Klement i IV, pasardhësi i Urbanit të IV, kunorzoi në Bazilikën* e Shën-Pjetrit Karlin Anjou si mbret të Siçiljes. Ai kishte ardhë n'Itali në krye të nji ushtërije franceze, e cila mundi forcat mercenare të Manfredit në betejën e Beneventos. Karli hyni triumfalisht në Napoli dhe u suell si nji zaptues pa shkrupulla kundrejt popullatës vendase.
Anmiqsija kundër tij shkoi tue u shtue. Në Siçilje, që ishte qendra e rezistencës, u organizue nji komplot për të prue në fuqi nji nga nipat e mbretit Manfred. Ky ishte mbreti i Aragonës*, Don Pedro, i cili ishte martue me të bijën e trashëgimtaren e mbretit Manfred dhe ishte afrue me Perandorin e Bizantit, Mihail Paleologun, kundër Karlit Anjou, i cili kishte dalë si eksponenti i dinanstis latine të Stambollit. Sikur e pamë ma nalt, Karli kishte marrë titullin Mbret i Shqiptarve dhe po gatitej me debarkue në Shqipni. Pikërisht në at kohë Don Pedro, me ndihmën financjare të Paleologut, kurdisi planin e nji spedite ushtarake kundër Siçiljes, mirpo para se flota aragonase të nisej prej Barçelonës, populli i Palermos bani vet nji kryengritje që njifet në histori si "Vesprat Siçiljane", mbasi ndodhi më 31 Mars 1282.
Duka I Palermos u çue peshë tue pa nji grup francezësh që mundoheshin me rrëmbye nji nuse që shkonte në Kishën e Santo-Spirito, jashtë mureve të qytetit. Kupa e vuejtjeve dhe e poshtnimeve ishte mbushë deri në buzë. Ata që panë sqenën e keqpërdorimit të nji vajze të rë me duvak të bardhë bërtitën "vdekje Francezve". I gjith qyteti vrapoi si nji sahat i kurdisun, kështjella u zaptue dhe para mbarimit të ditës 2000 francezët e Palermos ishin masakrue. Kryengritja u përhap në krahina dhe, me pushtimin e Messinës më 28 Prill, e gjith Siçilja ishte librue nga sundimi i huej. Tue pasë frikën e nji kundërsulmi hakmarrës të Karlit Anjou, Siçiljanët ftuen Don Pedron me marrë kunorën si trashëgimtar i Manfredit. N'at mes, i biri i madh i Don Pedros, Jaku, hypi në fronin e Aragonës, dhe ai dërgoi të vëllan Frederikun të mbretnonte në Siçilje. Dinastija Aragoneze mbajti vetëm kunorën e Siçiljes gjatë tanë nji shekulli, ndërsa dinastija e Karlit Anzhu vazhdonte me sundue mbretnin e Napolit. Më 1421 mbretnesha e Napolit, Joanna e II, e cila nuk kishte fëmijë, adoptoi si trashëgimtar rnbretin Alfons t'Aragonës dhe Siçiljes. Por ndën presjonin e Papës dhe të princave t'Italis, ajo ndërroi mendjen dhe preferoi Ludovikun e II-të të dinastis Angjevine. Mbasi ky i fundit vdiq para Joannës, ajo emnoi si trashëgimtar të fronit vllan e tij, Renë de Provence. Por mbreti Alfons i Aragonës vazhdoi me e quejtë vehten trashëgimtar të mbretnis së Napolit dhe, mbas vdekjes së Joannes, u nisë për me e shtie në dorë. Halli asht se, tue dashtë me prue në vënd ambicjen e tij, Alfonsi ra në luftë me Genovezët, të cilët e zunë rob dhe e prunë në Milano. Filipi, Duka i Milanos, u bind nga argumentat e Alfonsit se ishte marrëzi për të me lidhë aleancë me Francezët për të prue dinastin Angjevine në krye të mbretnis së Napolit. Kështu që Filipi e la Alfonsin të lirë dhe e ndihmoi me vazhdue luftën. Kaluen gjashtë vjet lufte dhe përpjekjesh para se Alfonsi i V bashkoi përsëri mbretnit e Napolit dhe të Siçiljes ndën shpatën e tij. Ky ishte Alfons Shpirtmadhi, të cilit Skënderbeu iu drejtue për ndihmë mbas fitores së tij të kushtueshme kundër Sulltan Muratit. Nji traktat aleance u nënshkrue në Gaeta më 26 Mars 1451. Mbas sistemit feodal t'asaj kohe, Skënderbeu u proklamue sa për formë vasali i Alfonsit të V dhe u angazhue t'i paguente nji shumë të hollash vit për vit. Mbreti i Naplit, nga ana e tij, muer përsipër t'i dërgonte Lidhjes Shqiptare nji fuqi ushtarake të caktueme dhe ndihmë financjare për të vazhdue luftën kundër Osmanllive. Në krye të trupave aragoneze u emnue nji gjeneral luftëtar, i cili u vendos në Krujë. Traktatin e nënshkruen edhe princat shqiptar të tjerë dhe Lidhja e Lleshit u riorganizue me Skënderbeun si kryekomandant i kunorës së Aragonës, me nji pensjon prej 1500 dukatë në vit. Nji fuqi simbolike prej 100 ushtarësh katalanë zuni vend në kështjellën e Krujës dhe qëndroi atje deri mbas vdekjes së Skënderbeut. Mbas çdo fitoreje që korrte kundër Turqve, Skënderbeu i dërgonte Alfonsit nji pjesë tëplaçkës që mbetej në duert e Shqiptarve, por asnji haraç në të holla. Traktati I Gaetas ishte sajue si guri themeltar I kryqëzatës kundër Sulltanit, tue ndjekë gjurmat e prijësit norman Robert Guiscard . Por kjo ndërmarrje dështoi dhe ushtërija aragoneze nuk debarkoi në Durrës. Skënderbeu vazhdoi të jet zot në tokën e vet dhe u trajtue nga mbreti i Napolit si aleat me të drejta të barabarta. Mjerisht, disa nga bashkëpuntorët ma të ngushtë të Skënderbeut e interpretuen traktatin e Gaetas si prammin e nji zgjedhe te huej. Intngat e anmikut nga Edrenja dhe te Venedikut shfrytzuen sa mujten ket vale pakenaqesije dhe Shqipnija u kercenue nga rrebeshi i vellavrasjes. Vendi i yne shpetoi nga kjo katastrofe* e tille me nderhymjen e Kryepeshkopit te Durresit Imzot Engjellit, i cili u ngarkue nga Papa Nikolla i V me pajtue grindjen ne mes te Shqiptarve.
Viti 1451 u shenue me nji ngjarje te hareshme qe ishte martesa e Skenderbeut. Mbretnesha e Shqiptarve u ba Andronika ose Donika, e cila ishte e bija e Gjergj Arianitit, princit te Vlones dhe Kanines. Kjo mertese prum me vehte pajtimin e Skenderbeut me shtepin e Arianitve qe kishte marre anen e Venedikut mbas krizes se vitit 1450. Nusja pruni nji paje te çmueshme mbi te cilen auktoret e asaj kohe nuk japin hollesina. Martesa politike e Skenderbeut bani disa te pakenaqun ne mes te krenve Shqiptar, dhe sidomos te kater djemt' e Arianitit, nipin e Skenderbeut Hamze Kastriotin, i cili ishte rtite ne fë muhamedane, dhe parin e Dukagjinit. Kta te fundit, Venediku mundohej me i nxite me nji menyre ose me nji tjeter, ta luftonin poziten e Gjergj Kastriotit si mbretin pa kunore te kombit Shqiptar. Kur u zbulue nji komplot per vrasien e Skenderbeut dhe dyshimi ra mbi Dukagjinet, Shqipnija ment u zhyte ne vllavrasje. Papa ngarkoi Peshkopin e Drishtit me prue pajtimin ne mes te pans shqiptare. Misjoni i tij u kunorzue me sukses kur Dukagjinet provuen se nuk kishin gisht ne komplot. Auktoret e vertetete komplotit nuk u zbuluen kurr ose emnat e tyne nuk u shpallen botmsht. E vetemja disfate serjoze qe pesoi Skenderbeu gjate karrjeres se tij ngadhnjimtare ishte ne rrethimin e Beratit te okupuem nga nji garnizon i ushteris turke. NJI kontigjent napoletan prej 200 vetesh ishte dergue per te forcue ushten e Skenderbeut pre) 12 000 trimash. Berati u rrethue nga te kater anet, u vune ne vepnim aparatet e atehershem per te rrafe muret e kalas dhe ma ne fund u çel nji vend per kalimin e ushteris. Komandanti I garnizonit turk ofroi me u dorzue mbrenda 11 ditve po te mos i vinte den atehere ndonji ndihme nga jashte. Keshilli i luftes vendosi me e pranue ket dorzim me kushte. Skenderbeu la kampin e ushteris shqiptare dhe u nis per nji fushate tjeter. Kalimi i ditve te gjata pa asnji veprim çthun disiplinen ne radhet e kreshnikeve te Kastriotit. Kur, pa prite e pa kujtue, 40.000 kalores Turq nden komanden e Isa Bej Evrenozit plakosen ushterin Shqiptare dhe grine me shpate sa muejten, tue mos lane gjalle as komandantin, Muzake Topija.
Si rezultat i kesaj katastrofe, filluen dezertimet ne anen e armikut. Ai qe shkaktoi idhnimin, dhe asht e vertete me thane, pikllimin ma te madh ishte Moisiu I Dibres, gienerali ma i afte i Gjergj Kastriotit. Bashke me Moisin, u hudhen me Turqet edhe Hamze Kastrioti dhe dy Dukagjinet. Gjergj Araniti shkoi me Venedikasit. Gjin Muzaka i shpjegon kto dezertime tue thane se Skenderbeu kishte fillue politiken e centralizimit te shtetit, tue aneksue krahinat qe ata sundomn ne baze te sistemit feodal Gjergj Kastriotin e detyruen rrethanat historike me ndjeke at politike, mbasi ishte e vetemja menyre per me iu ba balle sulmeve turke. Densa Shqipnija ishte e ndame ne principata te vogla autonome, Skenderbeu ishte ne rrezik qe te mbetej vetem ne diten ma te keqe. Urtesija dhe larkpamja e herojt tone te pavdekshem u provue aty per aty kur Moisi Dibrani marshoi kunder Shqipnis ne krye te nji ushterije turke, e cila u derrmue para se te shkelte ne token arbnore.
Moisiu u kthye në Krujë i penduem dhe i kërkoi ndjesë prijësit të kombit. Skënderbeu zemërluani u tregue burrë shteti i vërtetë dhe e fali dezertuesin që i kishte ra ndër kambë. Prej asaj kohe Moisiu luftoi trimnisht për kauzën kombtare deri ditën që pësoi vdekjen e martirit nga dora e anmikut.
Gjergj Kastrioti muer hakun e disfatës së Beratit më 1457, kur Sulltani dërgoi nji ushtëri prej 80.000 vetësh për me i dhanë grushtin e vdekjes. Skënderbeu manevroi në mënyrë që t'u linte Turqve përshtypjen se nuk guxonte me iu dalë përpara dhe u vërsul përmbi ta si shqiponja kur nuk e prisnin. Humbjet e anmikut besohet të ken arrijtë 15.000 deri 30.000 të vramë. Hamzë Kastrioti kishte ardhë me ushtërin turke për me u ba sundimtar i Shqipnis ndën hijen e Sulltanit. Ai u zue rob dhe u mbyll në kështjellën e Krujës. Skënderbeu tregoi edhe nji herë shpirtmadhësin e tij tue falë tradhëtin e të nipit, të cilin e kishte dashtë aq shumë. Mbas kësaj fitorje të rë që habiti botën, aq ma tepër sepse ishte e papritun, Papa Kalikst i III emnoi Gjergj Kastriotin si kryekapedan të Selis së Shenjtë. Në nji letër drejtue Perandorit të Gjermanis, Frederikut të III, Shefi suprem* i Krishtenimit e cilson Skënderbeun si luftëtar të palodhun dhe si Ushtar të Krishtit me krahun e pathyeshëm. Në nji rast tjetër, Papa Kalikst i III flet për "birin tonë të shtrenjtë Skënderbeun fisnik, mbretin e Shqipnis". Më 1460 Gjergj Kastrioti pat rastin me I shpërblye trashëgimtarit të Alfonsit të V, mbretit Ferdinand të Napolit, ndihmën bujare që i kishte dhanë i ati. Alfons Shpirtmadhi vdiq me 1458 tue lanë si trashëgimtar Ferdinandin, birin e tij pa kunorë. Papa Kalikst i III, i cili ishte prej origjine spanjolle, e kishte marrë mbretin e Napolit në gazep për shkak se ai nuk deshi me marrë pjesë në Kryqzatën kundër Turqve dhe dërgoi flotën kundër Gjenovezve. Anmiqsija e papajtueshme e Alfonsit e kishte nxitë Republikën detare të Gjenovës me u afrue me dinastin angjevine. Në vitin e vdekjes së Alfonsit, Gjon Anjou u proklamue mbreti protektor* i Gjenovës. Nji mot ma vonë ai organizoi speditën ushtarake për të zaptue Napolin. Lufta vazhdoi dy vjet por Napoli nuk ra në duert e Gjonit. Megjithatë Ferdinandi nuk e ndjente vehten të sigurtë mbi fron, mbasi ishte i kërcënuem nga baronët feodal t'Italis së Jugut. Papa Piu i II, i cili kishte zanë vendin e Kaliksit të III, duel përkrahës i Ferdinandit dhe ftoi Gjergj Kastriotin me i ardhë në ndihmë. Para se me u nisë për n'Itali, Skënderbeu stabilizoi marrëdhanjet me Venedikun, tue nënshkrue nji traktat aleance të vërtetë. Me porosin e Shenjtëris të tij Piu i n, Kryepeshkopi i Durrësit Imzot Pal Engjëlli bani pajtimin me Dukagjinët. Ma në fund, u nënshkrue edhe nji armëpushim dy vjetësh me Sulltan Muratin.
Kur u bindë se Shqipnija ishte sigurue kundër anmiqve të jashtëm dhe ngatërresave të mbrendshme, Skënderbeu bani pregatitjet për speditën e Italis. Princi i Tarantos, i cili ishte në krye të lidhjes së Baronve t'Italis, u mundue ta bante Skënderbeun me heqë dorë nga kjo punë, tue i tregue se Ferdinandi nuk i kishte të gjata si Mbret i Napolit. Skënderbeu e kishte kuptue pozitën e tij të pashpresë, por nuk donte me lanë në baltë në ditën e rrezikut trashëgimtarin e aleatit të tij ma të nderuem. 1 shkroi princit të Tarantos për të hudhë poshtë propozimet e tij dhe mbaroi tue thanë: "Jam mik i virtytit dhe nuk lakmoj begatin". Në verën e vitit 1461 Skënderbeu u nis me det në krye të speditës shqiptare për në Raguzë ku banonte nji koloni e fortë shqiptare. Senati i qytetit i bani nji pritje madhështore. Mbasi pushoi disa dit, Skënderbeu u nis për në Barletta, ku debarkoi me nji fuqi prej 3000 kalorësh dhe ushtarë të zgjedhun. Nënkomandant I kësaj fuqije ishte i nipi i Gjergj Kastriotit, Gjon Ballsha. Pozita e Ferdinandit ishte gadi e pashpresë. Pa bjerrun asnji minutë, Skëndebeu filloi veprimin për të shpëtue Barletlën që kishin rrethue anmiqt e Ferdinandit me Princin e Tarantos në krye. Me sulmin e vrullshëm të fuqive shqiptare rrethimi i Barlettës u thye dhe Skënderbeu bani kërdin në mes të ushtëris anmike, ndërsa ajo po tërhiqej e demoralizueme. Shpejtësia e rrufeshme e manevrimit dhe dora e sigurtë në drejtimin e sulmeve I fituen Skënderbeut admirimin e mahnitun të gjith atyne që e vëzhguen. "Emni dhe lajmi i ardhjes së tij, - shkruen nji historian i asaj kohe, - jo vetëm që shkatërroi gjith planet e anmikut, por mbushi tanë Italin me famën dhe ngadhnjimin e tij". Mirënjoftja e mbretit Ferdinand nuk kishte ma kufi. Ai e quejti Skënderbeun "Babë" dhe i dha në posedim të përhershëm Tranin dhe San Giovanni Rotondon n'Italin e Jugut. Fitoret e Gjergj Kastriotit në Barletta dhe mandej në Trani e kthyen fatin e luftës në favor të mbretit lë Napolit. Ushtërija e Ferdinandit kaloi në ofensivë dhe, ma në fund, rezistenca e Baronëve t'Italis u dërrmue. N'at kohë Skënderbeu vrapoi me u kthye në Shqipni, mbasi ishte dukë në horizont rreziku i nji ofensive të re turke.
Karakteri i Skënderbeut dhe cilsit e tij si prijës luftarak
Gjergj Kastrioti ishte gadi 40 vjeç kur u ba prijësi i kombit shqiptar në luftën kundër invaduesit otoman. Fuqija e tij fizike dhe shkathtësija mendore ishin në kulm. I gjatë, i hijshëm, me shtat të derdhun si nji statujë, me tipare të skalituna dhe nji pamjf- madhështore, Skënderbeut i kishte dhanë Zoti nji fuqi vigani dhe shpejtësin e nji atleti te përsosun në lëvizje. Ishte nji gjeni i lindun përsa i përket artit të luftës dhe nji luftëtar I pashoq për trimnin dhe aftësin e tij më iu prie të tjerve. Asnji armë lufte e atij shekulli nuk kishte sekrete për Skënderbeun, por ai çquhej sidomos në përdorimin e shpatës së tij të gjatë dhe të përkulun, nji shpatë që çdo njeri tjetër memzi e ngrinte me të dy duert. Mbasi ishte aq i fortë dhe I shëndoshë, i pëlqente me hangër dhe me pi boll, por kënaqej me pak orë gjumë, tue mos e pasë për gja me fjetë atje ku të qëllonte. Dëfrimet e zakonshëm të jetës nuk i interesonin fort dhe ai gjente prehje në sportin e njeriut të aksjonit si gjueti, vrapim kuejsh dhe ojnat ushtarake që I ndihmonin me mbajtë trupin në formë të mirë dhe me ushqye burimet e energjis të tij të pashterueshme. Guximi i tij në sheshin e luftës mund të dukej krejt i çmendun sikur të mos ishte shoqnue nga gjakftotësija dhe gjykinu i mprefet që e vinin gjithmonë në gjendje me e dominue situatën dhe me sigurue fitoren. Hypun mbi kalin e tij të bardhë dhe me shpatën gadi për të prë kryet e anmikut, Skënderbeu u printe trimave shqiptar dhe ndodhej gjithnji në vendin e rrezikut ma të madh, tue përbuzë vdekjen me nji qetësi shpirtnore që nuk mund të përfytyrohej. Kishte shpëtue gjallë gadi për nji fije kaq shpesh saqë njerzija kujtonin se ishte efekti i nji mrekullije të Zotit. Skënderbeu muer vetëm nji herë nji varrë në shpatull, tue u rrëzue prej kalit ndërsa e rrethuen trimat shqiptar. Mbrenda pak sekondave e mblodhi vehten dhe vazhdoi luftën. Gjergj Kastrioti ishte i pamëshirshëm me anmiqtë por gjithmonë i gatshëm me falë ata që i kishin ba keq dhe që i kërkonin ndjesë. Besa shqiptare ishte parimi i kodit tonë moral që ai çmonte ma tepër, dhe nuk ishte punë që t'i shmangej edhe sikur të rrezikonte me bjerrë gjithçka. Në përgjigjen që i dërgoi Princit të Tarantos, i cili e ftonte me braktisë mbretin e Napolit në fatin e tij, Skënderbeu thoshte: "Na që kemi pa kaq të mira nga Naltmadhnija e Tij, i ndjeri mbret Alfons, do të baheshim me turp dhe do të na nxihej faqja si njerëz të pabesë dhe pa mirënjoftje sikur të mos i shtrinim dorën të birit në ditën që ka nevojë". Gjergj Kastrioti i kishte kushtue vehten liris dhe mirëqenjes së popullit me nji vetmohim të plotë. Qëllimi i tij ishte jo vetëm t'i mbronte nga sulmet e anmikut të huej por edhe t'i bashkonte si nji komb të pamvarun. Tue dashtë me veprue si nji prijës kombëtar dhe jo si nji shef feodal Skënderbeu shkaktoi anmiqsin e disa nga krenët ma të fuqishëm të Shqipnis, të cilët donin të ushtronin nji pushtet absolut në krahinat e tyne dhe nuk ngurruen të dezertonin në fazën ma të kritikëshme të luftës kundër Turqve. Gjergj Kastrioti ishte nji Katolik i divotshëm dhe i frymëzuem nga forca morale që ngriti valën e Kryqzatave në shekujt e maparshëm. Në çdo rast të jetës së tij ai u mundue të vepronte simbas urdhnave të fes kristiane. Dëshiri i tij ma i flakët ishte me fitue zemrat e njerzve me mirësin, drejtësin dhe bujarin e tij, se me i dominue me anë të frikës dhe të interesit material. Tue iu drejtue nji dit trimave shqiptar Skënderbeu u tha (simbas tekstit të Barletit përkthye nga Fan Noli):
“Kapedanë dhe ushtarë trima". S'është as e re, as e papritun pamja që kam sot përpara syve. Ashtu si ju kujtonja, ashtu ju gjeta, stërnipër të thjeshtë të një race të vjetër dhe bujare, trima dhe besnikë të patronditur të vendit dhe të mbretit tuaj. Edhe jam i lumtur tani që mund t'ju hap zemrën time. Ju thom pa u mburrur që, sa kam rrojtur, kam patur gjithnjë këtë mall për atdhenë dhe këtë dëshirë për lirinë. Kur më ftuat për këtë vepër nga shërbimi I Sulltanit, kisha në zemër atë dëshirë që kishit edhe Ju. Juve ndofta ju shkoi nga mëndja që e kisha harruar vëndin, edhe nderin, edhe lirinë, kur ju ktheva prapa të helmuar, pa ju dhënë asnjë shpresë dhe pa ju treguar asnjë ndjenjë bujare dhe shpirtmadhe. Po unë sillesha me atë mënyrë, se ashtu e deshte shpëtimi i juaj dhe i imi, se puna ish e tillë se duhej bërë dhe jo thënë, se e shikonja që kishit më tepër nevojë për frë sesa për shtyrje. Jua fsheha planet e mia dhe s'jua çfaqa dëshirën që kisha në zemër aq vjet, jo se s'u kisha besim, jo se s'jua dinja shpirtin, po se ju ishit të parët që e hothtë zjarrin dhe u futtë në këtë valle; po se puna duhej mejtuar thellë, se duheshin gjetur mjetet, se duhej zgjedhur koha e mirë. Ndryshe do të derdhej gjak më kotë dhe përfundimi do t'ish nji robëri me e keqe se e para. Dhe ahere çdo shpresë për të nesërmen fluturonte; se nji punë si kjo niset njiherë e mirë; dhe në mos vaftë mbarë, rasja dhe mjetet për ta nisur ikin e s'kthehen kurrë prapë. Prandaj s'ja tregonja planin tim as vetes sime dhe ruhesha mos me shkiste gjuha dhe më dëgjonin muret. Kam për dëshmor Hamzën, tim nip, që e kam pasur këshilltar, përkrahës dhe shok armësh, me ca të tjerë të pakë, me besnikërin e të cilve e vumë këtë plan në vepërim. Tani, ndonëse rronim e hanim bashkë dhe kishim një zemër dhe një shpirt, me gjithë këtë asnjë nga këta s'më kish dëgjuar kurrë të zë n'gojë atdhenë, lirinë dhe krishtërimin, gjersa ardhi rasa në betejë të Nishit. Lirinë mund ta kishit fituar me trimërinë tuaj nuk i mungojnë burrat, po ju pëlqeu ta prisni nga dora e ime, ndonëse vonë, se kështu ndofta desh vet i madhi Zot. Se është me të vërtetë çudi që trima kryelartë si ju, të rritur në liri, duruat kaq kohë robërin e barbarve, duke pritur të më shikoni një ditë në krye tuaj. Po vallë, a e meritonj këtë titull të bukur të çlironjësit që kini mirësinë të më jipni? Lirinë s'jua solla unë, po e gjeta këtu, në mes tuaj. Posa shkela këmbën këtu, posa dëgjuat emrin, renttë që të gjithë, më dualtë përpara kush e kush më shpejtë, sikur t'ishin ngritur nga varret atërit, vëllezërit, bijtë tuaj, sikur të kishte zbritë nga qielli vetë Perëndia. Më prittë me aq dashuri dhe gëzim, më sualltë aq shërbime të çmuara e pa numër, sa më bëtë më tepër ju robin tuaj sesa unë të lirë ju. Këtë mbretëri, këtë qytet nuk jua dhashë unë, po ju gjeta t'armatosur, lirinë e kishit kudo, në krahërore, në ballë, në shpata e në ushtat; si gardjan besnikë t'emëruar prej tim eti, ja ma vutë mbi krye këtë kunorë, ju ma dhatë në dorë këtë shpatë, ju më bëtë zot të kësaj mbretërije, të cilën ma ruajtët me aq besë, me aqë kujdes, me aq mundime. Shpjermëni tani, me ndihmën e perëndisë, që ta çlirojmë tërë Shqipërinë. Pjesën më të madhe, pothuaj tërë punën, e mbaruat: Kruja dhe tërë krahina e saj u fitua; Dibra dhe Malësitë u bashkuan me ne; anmikut s'i mbeti as emëri, as shënjat në fushat tona; qëndrojnë vetëm fortesat. Kam shpresë t'i marrim edhe këto me hir a me pahir, me dhelpëri a me trimëri, ndonëse garnizonet turke janë më të forta dhe kështjellat janë vendosur si shkëmbenj të ashpër dhe të paafruarshëm. Armiku është i rrethuar, i dëshpëruar, dhe s'i kanë mbetur veçse muret e fortesave. Po për këto do të këshillohemi e do të përfundojmë më nurë kur të vemi në vënt e kur të kemi armët në dorë dhe anmikun përpara, sesa tani për së largu dhe pa ditur se ç'kemi përballë. Do të nisim nga Petrela më parë, jo se kjo është më e lehtë për t'u fituar - përkundër është një fortesë prej natyre dhe ka një garnizon të fortë - po se ndodhet më afër kryeqytetit, dhe jam I sigurt që lajma e mirë e ngjarjeve në Krujë ua ka ngrirë gjakun armiqve. Të tmerruar nga trimërija e juaj dhe nga çkatërrimi I garnizonit të Krujës, ndofta do të na lëshojnë fortesën më të mirë; në mos, po do t'i shtrëngojmë të na e japin me të keq. Një gjë vetëm duhet të keni nër mënt: në mos e marrshim Petrellën, asnjë nga ne s' duhet të kthehet prapë i gjallë. Ngrehni pra flamurin përpara, dhe rrëfehuni burra si ngahera. Perëndia, si gjer tani, ashtu edhe paskëtaj, do të na ndilnmojë dhe do të na nxjerrë faqebardhë. 0 Burrani!"
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Kujdesja për ushtërin ishte kasaveti ma i madh i Skënderbeut. Ai dijti me përfitue nga eksperjenca e vet pranë Sulltanit, tue krijue nji ushtëri të zgjedhun dhe të përhershme mbas modelit të Jeniçerve. Por ai nuk kishte nevojë me përdorë metodën barbare të grabitjes së djemve të mitun nga gjiu i familjes për me i mbyllë në kazermat, mbasi çdo Shqiptar lakmonte me shërbye si ushtar i përhershëm i prijësit t'adhuruem të kombit. Kjo ushtëri kombtare, që ishte rekrutue mbas listave të hartueme nga Skënderbeu vet, nuk kapërcente të dhjetmijët. N'at kohë nuk kishte as kazerma dhe ushtarët banonin nëpër shtëpijat e tyne. Kur vinte lajmi se nji ushtëri turke po i afrohej kufinit epej kushtrimi nga kështjella e Krujës dhe trimat e Kastriotit vraponin nëpër vendet që iu ishin caktue. Kryetarët e familjeve sunduese shqiptare, që kishin aderue në kombëtare në krye të forcave armate të tyne. Por faktori vendimtar në fitoret e Skënderbeut ishte garda e tij personale, e cila përbahej nga dy a tre mijë kalorës. Kjo ishte e vetëmja armë që mund t'iu bante ballë Turqve, të cilët ishin kalorës të lindun. Tue përdorë taktikën e sulmeve të befta me trimat e hypun në kuaj që shkonin si vetëtima, Skënderbeu shkaktonte rrëmujën dhe panikun në mes të kambsoris anmike, qoftë në marshim e sipër, qoftë kur kishte rrethue nji kështjellë. Në fushë të hapët ai manevronte në mënyrë që me drejtue ushtërin anmike në nji tokë të përshtatun, ku mund t'i vërsulej me kalorësit si shkaba dhe t'i grinte copë-copë. Gjithmonë në ballë të ushtëris gjatë këtyne betejave legjendare, Gjergj Kastrioti korrte fitoren vetëm me prezencën e tij, tue u futë tmerrin ushtarve t'anmikut. Turqët kishin të drejtë me i pasë frikën, mbasi Skënderbeu nuk njifte mëshirë kur ishte tue luftue. Kjo shpjegohet me faktin se anmiku ishte i tillë jo vetëm nga kombsija, por edhe nga feja, dhe kodi moral I Mesjetës nuk u vinte asnji kufizim kristjanve që luftonin kundër muhamedanve. Tue mos lypë nga të tjerët ma shum sesa ishte gadi të bante vet, Skënderbeu adhurohej nga ushtarët e tij, të cilët I bindeshin me nji vetmohim të plotë. Ai vet kujdesej mbas çdo fitoreje që seicili të merrte pjesën që i takonte nga plaçka e zanun prej anmikut. Ai u epte shpërblimin moral, që ishte ma i çmueshëm, atyne oficerve dhe ushtarve që ishin dallue ma tepër për guxim dhe trimni, tue i ftue në tryezën e tij dhe tue pi për shëndetin e tyne. Rrallë iu desht të përdorte autoritetin e tij si kryetar kundrejt misave të paris shqiptare, që luftonin ndën komandën e tij për kauzën kombtare. Ai imponohej gadi gjithnji me forcën e karakterit të tij, me gjykimin e pagabueshëm, me aftësin e tij si mjeshtër në artin e luftës dhe me shembullin që epte, t'ue dalë gjithmonë vet përpara. Por Gjergj Kastrioti nuk përbuzte kurr mendimin e prijësve të tjerë të luftës kombëtare. Para çdo beteje me randësi ai mblidhte këshillin e luftës që përbahej nga gjeneralët e ushtëris dhe pjestarët e Lidhjes Shqiptare dhe vendosnin së bashku planet strategjike mbas nji bisedimi të hapët dhe të imtë. Në rastin e rrethimit të Beratit më 1455, Skënderbeu iu përulë vendimit të shumicës me pranue ofertën për armëpushim të garnizonit turk megjithqë vet ishte i bindun se po bahej nji gabim fatal. Faktet e provuen se kishte pasë të drejtë dhe Skënderbeu e pagoi tue pësue të vetmen disfatë të karrjerës së tij. Fama e Gjergj Kastriotit ishte përhapë në tanë botën Kristiane. Ndërsa mbretën dhe krenë feodal t'Evropës ishin zhytë në grindje dhe rivalitete personale sa mos me pa rrezikun që kërcënonte mbarë Krishtenimin, shum 'njerëz të thjeshtë të atyne viseve ishin enthuzjasmue nga qindresa heroike e Shqiptarve ndën udhëheqjen gjenjale të fatosit kombtar. Shum qytetarë t'Evropës Kristiane, e tue përfshie edhe Anglezë, kishin vrapue në kështjellën e Krujës për të luftue si ushtarë të Gjergj Kastriotit. Nuk asht nji ekzagjerim me thanë se Skënderbeu ishte nga klasa e heronjve legjendar, të cilët penda e Plutarkut i ka ba të pavdekshëm. Kësaj i duhet shtue se Skënderbeu ishte pjestar i fundit i kësaj falange që nuk dinte se ç'asht frika dhe që jetonte për të luftue për idealin e liris dhe të mirën e nji populli që e kishte zgjedhë si prijës. Merita e tij ma e madhe asht se ai jetoi në praku i shoqnis moderne dhe se u frymzue nga feja kristiane. Gjatë nji çerek shekull, ai luftoi për të mos lanë që Shqipnija dhe Gadishulli Balkanik të ckeputeshin nga vathi I qytetnimit perendimor per disa shekuj.
Triumfi i fundit dhe vdekja e Skënderbeut
Sulltan Murati i II vdiq nji mot mbas orvatjes së tij me zaptue Krujën dhe në fronin e Perandoris hypi Sulltan Mehmet I 11. Si nji djalosh njizet vjeçar Mehmeti i nuk kishte shoqnue të jatin në speditën kundër Shqipnis dhe kishte vuejtë në sedrën e tij nga disfata. Kujtimin e ritiratës nga Shqipnija Mehmeti i II e kishte në zemër si plagë dhe nuk duronte që Gjergj Kastrioti të nderohej si gjenerali ma i madh i botës Kristiane, i cili kishte thye Turqët në luftë, tue prishë kësisoj famën e tyne si nji popull luftëtar që nuk dinte deri atëhere se ç'domethanë me humbë nji betejë. Përveç kësaj, Shqipnija e pamvarun ishte nji pengesë e padurueshme për ambicjen e tij me zaptue Romën dhe me e proklamue kryeqytet të Perandoris otomane.
Sulmin e parë Sulltan Mehmeti e drejtoi kundër Stambollit, të cilin e zaptoi me 1453. Kur u përhap lajmi se kryeqyteti lavdiplotë i Perandoris Bizantine u shkel nga Turqët, nji valë tmerri dhe pikëllinu shpërtheu nëpër Evropën. Bota Kristiane priste me ankth në zemër se ku do të ndalej hovi i këtij rrebeshi që kërcënonte me perla qytetnimin perëndimuer. Skënderbeu me nji grusht trimash Shqiptar kishte mbet si I vetmi prijës Kristian i Evropës lindore që nuk kishte lëshue armët. Prej vitit 1455 e deri më 1462, Sulltan Mehmeti dërgoi njimbasnji disa armata turke ndën komandën e gjeneralëve të tij ma të mire për të zaptue Shqipnin. Skënderbeu nuk I la as t'i afroheshin Krujës, por i shpartalloi të gjttha në luginat dhe rrypinat në mes të Dibrës dhe Ohrit.
Ndërsa presjoni i Turqve bahej gjithnji ma i randë me u përballue, Skënderbeu kishte ra në hall edhe nga intrigat dhe manevrat e Venedikut. Logjikisht, Republika e Shën-Markut duhej të formonte nji front të përbashkët me mbretin e Shqiptarve, mbasi Turqët sigurisht do të vërsuleshin kundër saj ditën që të kishin shtië Krujën në dorë. Kurse Skënderbeu u shtrëngue ta detyronte Venedikun me lidhë nji aleancë me të, tue krijue përshtypjen sikur kishte ba paqe me Sulltanin.
Më 1463 Mehmeti i II kishte fillue nji fushatë kundër Bosnjës në krye të ushtëris së tij. Lidhja Shqiptare vendosi me i dhanë fund luftës kundër Turqve tue nënshkrue më Sulltanin nji paqe fiktive me kushte që nuk dihen. Por, njikohësisht Skënderbeu lajmëroi Papën se ishte gadi me rifillue luftën kurdoherë që ta shifte të nevojshme. Venedikasit u alarmuen dhe aleanca e tyne me Gjergj Kastriotin u nënshkrue po at vit. Në bazë të këtij traktati Skënderbeu u angazhue t'i shpallte luftë Turqis, ndërsa Venediku u zotue t'i jepte nji ndihmë të përshtatun. Nji kontigjent venecjan I përbamë nga 1300 ushtarë dhe kalorës u dërgue në Shqipni bashkë me 2000 dukatë për të mbulue shpenximet e luftës. Djali I Skënderbeut, Gjon Kastrioti, muer privilegjin e trashëguem të nji qytetari të Venedikut dhe u ba antar i Këshillit të Madh të paris venecjane.
Fill mbas nënshkrimit të marrëveshjes në mes të Venedikut dhe Skënderbeut, Papa Piu i II u bani nji thirrje të gjith Kristianve me marrë kryqin kundër Turqve. Mjerisht apeli i tij ra në veshë të shurdhën. Dukej sikur asnjeri nuk ishte I interesuem me mbrojtë Krishtenimin. Deri edhe Ferdinandi i Napolit, për të cilin Gjergj Kastrioti shkoi vet me luftue, nuk muer pjesë në Kryqzatë. Piu i II, tue vue gjith besimin e tij ne Skënderbeun dhe në mbretin e Hungaris Mathias Korvin, u nis për në Ragusë që ishte caktue si piknisja e shefave kristian për të lançue Kryqzatën. Fati i zi e deshi që ai të vdiste rrugës dhe,bashkë me të, u varros shpresa e fundit e nji fronti të përbashkët kundër anmikut otoman. 1 goditun deri në thelbin e zemrës nga kjo vdekje e papritun, Skënderbeu ndaloi menjiherë pregatitjet për me shkue në Raguzë. Por ai i kishte shpallë luftë Sulltanit të nesërmen e ditës kur Papa bani thirrje për Kryqzatën kundër Turqve. Kështu që Shqipnija kishte ngelë vetëm përballë sunduesit otoman të ndezun pishë, tue pasë si aleatë Venedikun, që pak mund t'i besohej. Pa bjerrun kohë, Sulltan Mehmeti nisi Ballaban Pashën në krye të ushtëris turke për të shembë reduktin e fundit të rezistencës kristiane në kët anë të Andriatikut. Ballaban Pasha ishte nji renegat* Shqiptar, i cili e njifte taktikën luftarake të Skënderbeut dhe reflekset* e tij në sheshin e betejës. Nji dyluftim për vdekje në mes të këtyne dy prijësve vazhdoi katër vjet pa nji fitore të plotë për asnjanën palë. Ishte pikërisht gjatë fushatës së pare kundër Ballaban Pashës që Skënderbeu muer varrën e parë dhe të vetme. Të dy ushtërit ishin perleshë afër kështjellës së Stefigradit. Skënderbeu si gjithmonë iu printe trimave Shqiptarë atje ku lozej fati I luftës. Kali i tij u plagos randë dhe heroj kombëtar u përplas në tokë dhe vrau supin tue u përpjekë mbas cungut të nji peme. Për nji minutë i ra të fikët nga dhimbja e madhe. Roja e tij e rrethoi nga çdo anë, ndërsa Turqët sulmonin me rrëmbim. Me nji përpjekje gadi mbinjerzore luani I Arbnis u çue në kambë, hypi mbi nji kale tjetër dhe u vërsul kundër anmikut të mahnitun dhe të tmerruem. Në ndeshjen e dytë me Ballaban Pashën, Turqët zunë rob disa nga gjeneralët ma të mirë të Skënderbeut, ndër të cilët edhe vet Moisiun e Dibrës. Me urdhën të Sulltanit ata pësuen nji vdekje të llahtarshme tue iu rrjepë lëkura për së gjalli. Mbarë kombi shqiptar i vajtoi si martirë të atdheut. Në betejat e mapastajme, Shqiptarët e xhindosun nga zemrimi, nuk lanë ma gjallë asnji Turk që ra në duert e tyne. Sulltan Mehmetin, që kishte zaptue Stambollin, nuk e nxinte ma vendi. Ai u nis vet në krye të nji ushtërije prej 200.000 vetësh për me i dhanë nji mësim të fundit këtij kombi të vogël që nuk ndigjonte me iu përulë. Sa muer lajmin, Gjergj Kastrioti vrapoi për me u kapë me fuqin invaduese sa ma larg kah lindja. Mbrojtja e kështjellës së Krujës i ishte besue Tanush Topijës. Me gjith pengesat që I vuni fuqija e lehtë shetitëse e Skënderbeut, ushtërija turke mërrijti para mureve të Krujës dhe topat filluen me vjellë gjylet e tyne prej guri. Mbrojtësit e fortesës simbolike nuk i tronditën topat dhe as që I tërhoqi ari i Sulltanit. Ky i fundit, tue pa se fitorja nuk ishte as për sot, as për nesër, u largue nga Shqipnija tue lanë Ballaban Pashën me vazhdue rrethimin e Krujës. Ai kuptoi nji gja: me mundë Shqiptarët nuk ishte punë aq e lehtë sa me zaptue Stambollin, prandaj u kthye në kryqytetin e tij për të pregatitë nji speditë në shkallë edhe ma të gjanë. Po në at kohë, Skënderbeut nuk i kishte mbetë ma veçse trimnija dhe vullneti mos me u përulë derisa kishte fuqi të luftonte. 1 dishpruem nga apathija dhe verbnimi që mbretnonin në botën Kristiane, ai u vesh si ushtar i thjeshtë dhe shkoi vetëm në Romë për me kërkue ndihmë. Peshkopë dhe Kardinalë duelën me e pritë dhe nji turmë e madhe Romakësh e brohoriti me enthuzjasmë. Në nji ceremoni të shkëlqyeshme që u mbajtë në Bazilikën e Shën-Pjetrit, Papa Piu i n i dha me dorë të vet nji shpatë nderi dhe nji qylahe të bekueme. Por si ndihmë financjare për të vazhdue luftën, u mblodhën vetëm 7000 dukatë. Prej Rome, Gjergj Kastrioti shkoi në Napoli, ku mbreti i dha nji shumë të hollash dhe, aq sa kishte, armë dhe pajime lufte. Ndërkaq, rrethimi i Krujës vazhdonte dhe gjëndja e të rrethuemve ishte ba e padurueshme. Skënderbeu porsa u kthye në atdhe nxuer shpatën dhe u turr kundër anmikut nga malet përmbi Krujën që mbajnë sot emnin e tij. Ballaban Pasha u zue në pritë dhe vdiq nga plagët që muer n'atë ndeshje. Armata turke mbeti pa udhëheqës dhe u shkatërrue. Shumica e ushtarve të Sulltanit u vranë dhe fare pak muejtën me dalë gjallë nga Shqipnija. Shqiptarët nuk patën kohë me marrë frymë, kur nji tjetër ushtëri turke u çfaq përsëri para mureve të Krujës. Por edhe kët herë fortesa legjendare nuk u dorzue. Sulltani i tërbuem i dha urdhën ushtëris me djegë e shkretue viset e Shqipnis ku arrinte dora e saj. Por falangat e vetëtimta të Gjergj Kastriotit e ndoqën anmikun kamba-kambës tue ba kërdin në radhët e tij. Mbas dy javë që kaluen me plaçkitje dhe shfarime, Turqët me Sulltanin në krye u kthyen në Stamboll të brengosun nga pikëllimi i disfatës. Ky ishte triumfi i fundit i Skënderbeut. Nji mot ma vonë, me 17 Kallnuer 1468, heroi i ynë kombëtar, që kishte dalë I pacënuem nga gjith ato beteja, u mposhtë nga nji ethe e mallkueme që nuk i gjindej dermani. Ai kishte shkue në Llesh me kryesue nji kuvënd të Lidhjes Shqiptare për të shestue plane që të nxirrej anmiku prej Shqipnis. Prijësi i pazëvëndësueshëm la kët botë para se Kuvendi të merrte ndonji vendim. Akti i tretë i tragjedisë shqiptare u luejtë pa të, dhe epilogu ishte ai që mund të pritej.
Gjergj Kastrioti u varros në Kathedralen e Shën Kollit në Llesh, të cilën e kishte rindërtue pak vjet ma parë. Kombi shqiptar derdhi lotët çurk, tue vajtue mbretin e adhuruem që i kishte shërbye gjatë nji çerek shekullin si mburojë e pathyeshme, dhe që kishte fitue respekt dhe admirim në çdo skaj t'Evropës me fitoret e tij të habitëshme që dukeshin gadi si nji mrekulli e Zotit. Nji gojdhanë thotë se Sulltani Mehmeti i 11, kur muer lajmin e vdekjes së fatosit shqiptar bërtiti: "Mjer Krishtënimi që ka bjerrë shpatën dhe mburojën e tij. Tash, ma në fund, Evropëa dhe Azija janë për mue. Ruejna Zot që të kemi anmik nji tjetër luan si ai". Dhjetë vjet mbas vdekjes së Skënderbeut, Turqët hynë në Llesh, çelën varrin e tij dhe bane hajmali me copa nga eshtnat e tij, tue besue se nuk do t'i vriste as shpata, as shigjeta, mbasi ishte përhapë kudo besimi se ai vet nuk mund të vritej nga nji armë e dorës së njeriut. Kjo asht aq e vërtetë saqë, pak kohë mbas vdekjes së Skënderbeut, nji ushtëri turke që ishte tue invadue krahinat e Shkodrës, muer arratin në panik e sipër kur u përhapë lajnu se Skënderbeu po iu printe Shqiptarve. Donika dhe Gjon kastrioti shkuen në Napoli. Për dhjetë vjetë të tjerë flamuri me shkabën dykrenore valoi mbi kështjellën e Krujës. Mbrojtjen e siguronin trimat Shqiptarë ndën Lek Dukagjinin dhe nji kontigjent venecjan ndën komandën e Kontarinit. Fortesa krenare e Gjergj Kastriotit ra në duert e Turqve me 16 Qershuer 1478 mbas nji rrethimi të gjatë që kërcënonte me shfarue banorët nga urija dhe lëngatat, ndërsa Kontarini ishte vra dhe Lek Dukagjini kishte zanë shtratin, I pazoti me lëvizë. Me gjith premtinun solemn të Sulltan Mehmetit me shpëtue jetën e trimave shqiptarë, asnji burrë nuk mbet gjallë dhe gratë dhe fëmijt u zvarrisen në skllavëri. Ky ishte fundi tragjik i luftës epike që heroi legjendar i Shqiptarve bani për nji çerek shekulli kundër invazionit otoman. Fjalën e fundit mbi vëndin e Skënderbeut e kanë thanë dy Papë, Kalikst i III dhe Piu i II, dhe verdiktin e tyne e ka konfirmue historija. Piu i II shkruen kështu në Komentarët e tij: "Ai kaloi gadi gjith jetën e tij tue luftue për kauzën Kristjane. Asht zor me gjetë nji prijës Kryqzate që mund të krahasohet me të". Papa Kalikst I II ka përmbledhë me kët fjali të goditun randësinë historike të luftës së Skënderbeut: "Si nji pendë e patundëshme, ai ndaloi furin e sulmeve turke dhe I pengoi të zaptonin Evropën Kristjane". Mandej e tanë Evropa shprehu admirimin e saj me nji rast ose me nji tjetër edhe për disa shekuj me radhë. Në librin e lutjeve të Mbretneshës Elizabeth të Anglis botue më 1559, dita e vdekjes së Skënderbeut mban kët shënim: "17 Kallnuer. Si sot vdiq princi i mire Skënderbeu, Mbret i Epirit dhe shfarues I Turqve". Më 1597, fisniku francez Jacques de Lavardin (Zhak dë Lavardin) shkroi biografin e plotë të Skënderbeut. Vepra e tij, bazue kryesisht në Barletin, asht frymëzue nga dashurija dhe admirimi i kulluet për heroin tonë kombëtar. Në Parathanjen e tij, Lavardini i drejtohet aristokracis franceze me kto fjalë: "Kjo asht jeta e Gjergj Kastriotit, i quejtun Skënderbe nga Turqët, Mbreti i Shqiptarve, emni i pavdekshëm I të cilit meriton pa fjalë të përmendet në tempullin e Kujtimit". Vepra e Lavardinit inspiroi poetin francez Ronsard me shkruejtë nji vjershë kushtue Skënderbeut. Mbasi kujton ngadhnjimet e lashta të Epirit, poeti vazhdon:
"... Dhe Skmderbeu mundës i SkithveQë prej gjith Azis, Ungjillin kanë dëbueO ti, nder i këtij shekulliOshqipiar i shënuem prej FatitDora jote mundi Turcjët njizet e dy herëShtine tmerrin në rradhët e tyne,I bane me lanë eshtnat në muret e Kështjellës.Por ti do të kishe vdekë, i harruem nga njerzimi,Sikur përpjekja e devotëshme e të ditunit LavardinTë mos kishte përjetësue betejat e tua..."
Sir William Temple, burrë shteti dhe shkrimtar politik anglez i shekullit të XVII, e ven Gjergj Kastriotin në rradhën e prijësve luftarak dhe Perandorve luftëtar ma të mëdhenj të historis. Në nji vepër mbi Virtytet Heroike, ai shkruen: "Gjergj Kastrioti, Princi i Epirit, i njoftun zakonisht me emnin Skënderbe, si dhe Hunjadi, nënmbret i Hungaris, janë dy gjenerala ngadhnjimtarë dhe burra me karakter të naltë që luftuen sa qenë gjallë si çempjonë të Krishtenimit. Ata ishin ba tmerri i Turqve dhe, tue pasë vetëm nji fuqi të vogël ushtarake, u banë ballë me sukses për kaq vjet sulmeve të përsëritun të gjith ushtëris otomane". Voltaire shkrojti më 1754: "Sikur Perandorët e Bizantit të kishin qenë si Skënderbeu, Perandorija Romake e Lindjes nuk do t'ishte çdukë". Gjenerali kanadez VVolfe, nji ekspert mbi historin e luftrave shkrojti me 1756: "Skënderbeu ua kalon të gjith prijësve ushtarakë të lashtë dhe modernë si udhëheqës i nji armate të vogël defensive". Historiani i famshëm Eduard Gibbon që ka shkruejtë veprën klasike mbi "Dekadencën dhe Çdukjen e Perandoris Romake" dënon Skënderbeun pse dezertoi Sulltanin, mohoi fen muhamedane dhe I bani luftë bamirësit të tij. Ai e gjykon Skënderbeun mbas parimeve morale të shekullit të XVIII, tue harrue se tre shekuj ma parë bahej nji luftë për vdekje në mes të dy koncepteve* të papajtueshëm moraliteti dhe marrëdhaniesh njerzore. Me kto mëndje ai duhet të kishte denue gjithashtu edhe mbretin Vladislav të IV të Polonis dhe Hungaris, i cili shkeli, ndën nxitjen e Nuncit papal Kardinal Cesarini, armëpushimin prej dhjetë vjetësh që kishte nënshkrue me Sulltanin më 1444 në qytetin Szegedin. Në ditët tona, Peshkopi Fan Noli asht mundue të çmojë rolin e Skënderbeut me kriterin objektiv të historianit dhe herë-herë, tue u çveshun krejt prej ngroftësis së ndjenjës patriotike. Ai e përfundon kështu librin e tij: "Skënderbeu bani për 25 vjet nji luftë të mraparojes së Krishtënimit dhe kësisoj ia prishi planet Muratit dhe sidomos Mehmetit të II me organizue speditën kundër Romës. Dihet si fakt se më 1489, domethanë nji mot para se të vdiste, Sulltan Mehmeti kishte lançue fushatën e Italis, tue shkelë kambë në Otranto. Por mbas vdekjes së tij erdhë në fuqi Sulltan Bajazidi, i cili nuk çante kryet për zaptime tokash. Suksesori* i tij Sulltan Selimi drejtoi ushtërin kah lindja dhe Evropa Perëndimore shpëtoi nga rreziku I invazjonit otoman".1
Historianët modernë e çmojnë Skënderbeun si nji nga shefat ushtarak ma të mëdhenj të gjithë kohëve. Ata e njofin se mbreti i Shqiptarve mbet vetëm për me përballue fuqin kolosale të Sulltanit dhe se bani të pavdekshëm emnin e Krujës, tue detyrue Sulltan Mehmetin e II me u kthye mbrapa dy herë mbas disfatave që pësoi nga dora e Skënderbeut.
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Video News
Video is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media, primarily for viewing on television or computer monitors.
Video Game
A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories. There always must also be some sort of input device, usually in the form of button/joystick combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard & mouse/trackball combination (computer games), or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input (see also Game controller). Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe.
NOTESBlues - The Blues is a vocal and instrumental music form which emerged in the African-American community of
the United States. Blues evolved from West African spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has
its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. This musical form has been a major influence on later American and Western
popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well
as conventional pop songs and even modern classical music. Due to its powerful influence that spawned other major musical
genres originating from America, blues can be regarded as the root of pop as well as American music. Hip Hop/Rap - Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style of popular music. It is made up of two
main components: rapping (MCing) and DJing (audio mixing and scratching). Along with breakdancing and graffiti (tagging)
these are the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth (mostly minorities such
as African Americans and Latinos) in New York City in the early 1970s. Typically, hip hop music consists of one or more rappers
who tell semi-autobiographic tales, often relating to a fictionalized counterpart, in an intensely rhythmic lyrical form making
abundant use of techniques like assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. The rapper is accompanied by an instrumental track, usually
referred to as a "beat", performed by a DJ, created by a producer, or one or more instrumentalists. This beat is often created
using a sample of the percussion break of another song, usually a funk, rock, or soul recording. In addition to the beat other
sounds are often sampled, synthesized, or performed. Sometimes a track can be instrumental, as a showcase of the skills of the
DJ or producer. Rhythm and Blues - Rhythm and blues is a name for black popular music tradition. When speaking strictly of "rhythm 'n' blues",
the term may refer to black pop-music from 1940s to 1960s that was not jazz nor blues but something more lightweight. The term "R&B"
often refers to any contemporary black pop music. Early-1950s R&B music became popular with both black and white audiences, and
popular records were often covered by white artists, leading to the development of rock and roll.A notable subgenre of
rhythm 'n' blues was doo-wop, which put emphasis on polyphonic singing. In the early 1960s rhythm 'n' blues took influences from
gospel and rock and roll and thus soul music was born. In the late 1960s, funk music started to evolve out of soul; by the 1970s
funk had become its own subgenre that stressed complex, "funky" rhythm patterns and monotonistic compositions based on a riff or two.
In the early to mid 1970s, hip hop music (also known as "rap") grew out of funk and reggae. Funk and soul music evolved into
contemporary R&B (no longer an acronym) in the 1980s, which cross-pollinated with hip-hop for the rest of the 20th century and
into the 21st century.
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