Albanian Connection: Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjin

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Blues - The Blues is a vocal and instrumental music form which emerged in the African-American community of the United States. Blues evolved from West African spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. This musical form has been a major influence on later American and Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well as conventional pop songs and even modern classical music. Due to its powerful influence that spawned other major musical genres originating from America, blues can be regarded as the root of pop as well as American music.
Sunday, December 18, 2005
Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjin
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Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjin

Nga gojëdhënat popullore të Shqipërisë së veriut dhe të Kosovës, emri i Kanunit të Lekë Dukagjinit lidhet personalitetet e fisnikut dhe udhëheqësit shqiptarë të kohës së Gjergj Kastriotit - Skënderbeut, Lekë Dukagjinit. Mirëpo, historia shqiptare njeh disa personalitete me këtë emër. Kështu një grup shkencetarësh supozojnë se Leka III Dukagjini (1410-1481) e ka dhënë dhe e ka kodifikuar këtë Kanun. Këta shkencatë përpiqeshin gjatë shumë viteve që ta gjejnë tekstin e shkruar të këtij Kanuni. Shkenctari i njohur Shqiptarë Fan S. Noli konsideron se Kanuni është fryt i veprimtarisë dhe i qeverisjes së urtë të Pal Dukagjinit, vdekja e të cilit ishte humbje e madhe për Gjergj Kastriotin - Skënderbeun, ngase ai kishte dhënë kontributin më të çmueshëm në krijimin dhe ruajtjen e Lidhjës së Lezhës.Sot mbizotron mendimi shkencor se Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit as nuk është shkruar e as nuk është shpallur nga ndonjë personalitet i caktuar apo organ ligjdhënës, por paraqet të drejtën zakonore të shqiptarëve, e cila u krijua me kohë, në praktikë gjatë shekujve. Rregullat që përmban Kanuni u përkasin periodeve dhe kohëve të ndryshme historike. Si i tillë ky Kanun ka vlerë dhe rëndësi të posaçme jo vetëm për historinë e shtetit dhe të së drejtës shqiptare, por edhe për kulturën e përgjithshme kombëtare shqiptare.Si e drejtë e pashkruar dhe zakonore në vetëdijën e popullit shqiptarë, kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit gjatë shumë shekujve konsiderohej si Ligj mbi Ligje, ngase pavarësisht nga rregullat e sjelljes shtetrore, ky Kanun ishte dhe mbeti për një kohë të gjatë rregullatori kryesorë i raporteve shoqërore shqiptare.Përmbledhja e thesarit të kulturës shqiptare e kishin vënë detyrë të posaçme priftërinjtë katolikë. Kështu Dom Lazër Mjeda dhe Dom Nikollë Ashta shumë vjetë ishin përpjekur të mblidhnin folklorin e në kuadër të tij edhe normat e kanunit të Lekë Dukagjinit. Vend të dalluar në mbledhjen e rregullave të kanunit zë studiuesi i mirënjohur Atë Shtefën Gjeçovi, i cili la në trashigim veprën më të kompletuar dhe shumë të rëndësishme të Kanunit të Lekë Dukagjinit.Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit përmban rregulla stautore, familjare juridike, civilo-juridike, penalo-juridike si dhe rregulla konkrete mbi procedurën penale dhe civile. Në disa rregulla kanunore vërejmë ndryshime rajonale apo edhe variante, mirëpo kryesisht në dispozitat që rregullonin pozitën e kishës, mikpritjen, besën dhe gjakmarrjen vërejmë rregulla të njejta për të gjitha viset shqiptare, ku vlente kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit. Rregullat konunore të karakterit penalo-juridik, në mënyrë të veçantë trajtonin konceptin e veprës penale, çështjen e paramendimit, përkujdesinë, bashkëpjesëmarrjen etj.Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit njeh këto sanksione penale: dënimin me vdekje, gjakmarrjen, dëbimin nga bashkësia, bojkotin - leçitjen etj. të cilat shqiptoheshin ndaj kryesit të veprës penale e në raste të caktuara edhe ndaj familjes së tij. Përpos këtyre dënimeve kanuni rregullonte në mënyrë precize edhe dënimet pronësore si gjobitjen, dënimin me të holla, konfiskimin e pasurisë, asgjësimin e pasurisë, rrëzimin e shtëpisë, prerjen e pemëve etj. Dënimet i shqiptonte gjyqi i pleqëve, kuvendi i vllazërisë apo ai i fisit. Dënimet e rënda shqiptoheshin ngaj kryesve të veprave të tradhëtisë, kryësve të veprave kundër Besës (fjalës së nderit), kryesve të veprave kundër moralit, atyre të mikpritjes, kundër kishes etj. Kanuni njihte dhe rregullonte në mënyrë të posaçme institucionin e strehimit. Sipas këtyre rregullave familjet, bashkësitë dhe fiset janë të detyruara t`u sigurojnë përherë strehim individëve apo familjeve që këtë e kërkonin në raste rreziku apo rreziqe të tjera të jetës pa marrë parasyesh se kush i kërkonte.
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    Video News
    Video is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media, primarily for viewing on television or computer monitors. Video Game A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories. There always must also be some sort of input device, usually in the form of button/joystick combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard & mouse/trackball combination (computer games), or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input (see also Game controller). Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe. NOTES Blues - The Blues is a vocal and instrumental music form which emerged in the African-American community of the United States. Blues evolved from West African spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. This musical form has been a major influence on later American and Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well as conventional pop songs and even modern classical music. Due to its powerful influence that spawned other major musical genres originating from America, blues can be regarded as the root of pop as well as American music.
    Hip Hop/Rap - Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style of popular music. It is made up of two main components: rapping (MCing) and DJing (audio mixing and scratching). Along with breakdancing and graffiti (tagging) these are the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth (mostly minorities such as African Americans and Latinos) in New York City in the early 1970s. Typically, hip hop music consists of one or more rappers who tell semi-autobiographic tales, often relating to a fictionalized counterpart, in an intensely rhythmic lyrical form making abundant use of techniques like assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. The rapper is accompanied by an instrumental track, usually referred to as a "beat", performed by a DJ, created by a producer, or one or more instrumentalists. This beat is often created using a sample of the percussion break of another song, usually a funk, rock, or soul recording. In addition to the beat other sounds are often sampled, synthesized, or performed. Sometimes a track can be instrumental, as a showcase of the skills of the DJ or producer.
    Rhythm and Blues - Rhythm and blues is a name for black popular music tradition. When speaking strictly of "rhythm 'n' blues", the term may refer to black pop-music from 1940s to 1960s that was not jazz nor blues but something more lightweight. The term "R&B" often refers to any contemporary black pop music. Early-1950s R&B music became popular with both black and white audiences, and popular records were often covered by white artists, leading to the development of rock and roll.A notable subgenre of rhythm 'n' blues was doo-wop, which put emphasis on polyphonic singing. In the early 1960s rhythm 'n' blues took influences from gospel and rock and roll and thus soul music was born. In the late 1960s, funk music started to evolve out of soul; by the 1970s funk had become its own subgenre that stressed complex, "funky" rhythm patterns and monotonistic compositions based on a riff or two. In the early to mid 1970s, hip hop music (also known as "rap") grew out of funk and reggae. Funk and soul music evolved into contemporary R&B (no longer an acronym) in the 1980s, which cross-pollinated with hip-hop for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century.
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