Albanian Connection: Friday, December 02, 2005

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Blues - The Blues is a vocal and instrumental music form which emerged in the African-American community of the United States. Blues evolved from West African spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. This musical form has been a major influence on later American and Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well as conventional pop songs and even modern classical music. Due to its powerful influence that spawned other major musical genres originating from America, blues can be regarded as the root of pop as well as American music.
Friday, December 02, 2005
Albanian Dialects
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There are two principal dialects, Tosk (Toskërishte) and Gheg (Gegërishte), which have been diverging for at least a millennium, and their less extreme forms are mutually intelligible. The geographical border of the two dialects has traditionally been the Shkumbin River in Albania, with Gheg being spoken north of the river, and Tosk south of the river. The two dialects have phonological as well as lexicological differences.

Tosk is furthermore divided into many mutually intelligible sub-dialects, which either belong to the Labërishte sub-group or the Çamërishte sub-group, including north-western Greece, but not to be confused with the Arvanites or the Greek-Albanians. This dialect is spoken by most members of the large Albanian immigrant communities that have recently arrived in these two countries, and in smaller Albanian communities in Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, and United States.

Gheg (or Geg) is divided into many mutually intelligible sub-dialects, which either belong to the Northern Gheg sub-group or the Southern-Gheg sub-group, the traditional border between the two being the Mati River in northern Albania. This dialect is spoken in northern Albania and by the Albanians of Serbia and Montenegro (Southern Montenegro and Southern Serbia), the UN protectorate of Kosovo, as well as those of the Republic of Macedonia.

Since after World War II there have been efforts to create a Standard or Literary Albanian that borrows most heavily from the Tosk dialect (at the behest of the dictator Enver Hoxha, himself a Tosk speaker). The Congress on the Orthography of Albanian, held in 1972 with the additional participation of delegates from the Yugoslav territories of Kosovo, Macedonia and Montenegro and Calabria (Italy), established a unified literary language. The resulting orthographic rules were codified in such tomes as Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe (1973) (The Orthography of the Albanian Language) and Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuhës shqipe (1976) (The Orthographic Dictionary of the Albanian Language). [source]
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    Albanian Language
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    Albanian is an Indo-European language spoken by about 6,400,000 inhabitants of the eastern Adriatic coast in Albania and also in neighbouring Yugoslavia, principally in Kosova and Macedonia, west of a line from near Leskovac to Lake Ohri. There are perhaps 300,000 more speakers in isolated villages in southern Italy (Abruzzi, Molise, Basilicata, Puglia, and Calabria), and Sicily, and southern Greece (in Voiot'a, Attica, fvvoia, çndros, and the Pelop-nnesos) The origins of the general name Albanian, which traditionally referred to a restricted area in central Albania, and of the current official name Shqip or Shqip'ri, which may well be derived from a term meaning "pronounce clearly, intelligibly," are still disputed. The name Albanian has been found in records since the time of Ptolemy. In Calabrian Albanian the name is Arbresh, in Modern Greek Arvan'tis, and in Turkish Arnaut; the name must have been transmitted early through Greek speech.
    Albanian language is the only Indo European language that has preserved the archaic structure of proto Aryan language. Albanian adjectives and ordinals come after the stressed nouns unlike any other European tongue.
    The law formulated in 1892 by J. Wackernagel, according to which unstressed parts of the sentence tend to occupy a position after the first stressed word normally situated at the beginning of a sentence makes Albanian the oldest living Indo European language.
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    An examination of the extent of organised crime in Albania and some possible solutions to it.
    Dr Mark Galeotti reports
    In the past 10 years, the once-reclusive country of Albania has experienced two inter-connected problems: a steady and often explosive process of state collapse and the rise of increasingly organised crime.
    With the death of the neo-Stalinist dictator Enver Hoxha in 1985, the Albanian Communist Party found its rule under increasing challenge. In 1991-92, it collapsed amid an explosion of violence, looting and economic chaos. Inflation had reached 100 per cent, unemployment 50 per cent and many public services had all but broken down.
    The north-east and south of the country are only nominally under government control, while towns such as Fier, Sarande, Vlorë, Gjirokastër and Shkoder have become virtual strongholds of organised crime.
    In part, Albania's problems are by-products of the collapse of Yugoslavia. The ensuing civil war disrupted existing
    Balkan drug routes, through which Turkish narcotics clans brought some 90 per cent of the heroin reaching Europe. The Turks were looking for new routes, and the Albanian gangs were happy to oblige in concert with their cousins, the ethnic Albanians, of Serbian Kosovo and western Macedonia. The Albanians provide the Turks with both couriers and distributors, with the ethnic Turkish minority in western Macedonia providing ideal intermediaries.
    Albanian trucks and drivers transport narcotics through Korçe and Elbasan or Gjirokastër to the Albanian ports of Vlorë, Durrës and Sarande. They are then taken by small boat either to Italy or north, up the Dalmatian coast.
    There are also reportedly two Albanian-run heroin processing facilities in Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian communities in Europe provide street-level distribution networks. This is especially important in Belgium (with a concentration in Brussels), Germany, Switzerland and Greece (which has absorbed an estimated 300,000 illegal Albanian immigrants since 1991). Some 70 per cent of the heroin reaching Germany and Switzerland is now reckoned to have been transported through Albania and/or by Albanian groups, and the figure for Greece may be closer to 85 per cent.
    The collapse of Yugoslavia also offered Albanian gangs a further opportunity both to make a profit and win some degree of popular legitimacy. Ethnic Albanian 'Kosovars' represent a 90 per cent majority in the Serbian-controlled Kosovo region and are engaged in a guerrilla war for independence. Albanian gangs have established a lucrative trade smuggling guns to the Kosovo Liberation Army. There are an estimated million guns illegally circulating in this country of three and a quarter million people. With an Albanian-built Kalashnikov selling in Tirana's black market at $60-100, and the Kosovars prepared to pay up to $500, there is margin for profit. Kosovo is not the only market, and that same rifle will fetch around $1,000 in Western Europe.
    The links between Albanian gangs and their Italian counterparts are strong. Albanian émigrés have been working with the Mafia in the United States since the late 1980s, and Italian gangs ­ especially La Rosa (The Rose) and the Sacra Corona Unita (United Holy Crown) combines of Apulia ­ moved quickly to take advantage of the collapse of Albania.
    Albanian and Italian gangs together run a series of lucrative back-and-forth smuggling runs across the hard-to-police Adriatic Sea. Drugs, guns, contraband cigarettes and illegal immigrants are brought into Italy, while stolen goods go back to the Balkans.
    Access to the 'tradecraft' of established Italian and Turkish gangs and the resources provided by these new opportunities has begun to revolutionise Albanian organised crime, in three main ways:
    Organisation. Traditionally, Albanian criminal organisations were little more than bandit gangs, built around the fis (an extended family unit) and steeped in a culture of patriarchy, machismo and family loyalty. Increasingly, Albanian gangs are developing more sophisticated organisations, in some cases resembling businesses, in others based around terrorist-style cells or 'crews'. This last feature reflects the rise within the gangs of fugitive members of Sigurimi, the Hoxha regime's brutal secret police
    Internationalisation. The most advanced Albanian gangs are building networks across Europe, largely through expatriate communities. They have formed circles dealing drugs and running prostitutes. More than 14,000 Albanian women are currently working as prostitutes across Europe: perhaps 8,000 in Italy and 5,000 in Germany. An estimated 14 per cent of them are under-age
    Diversification. Albanian organised crime is moving into new fields, from money laundering and fraudulent pyramid investment schemes to the illegal acquisition of privatised assets and forgery. The Albanians are also beginning to produce cannabis and, according to some reports, even coca.
    The Albanian authorities have had some successes against the gangs, with the launch of an anti-crime pact initiative in January. They are, however, hamstrung by lack of resources and deep internal divisions.
    The World Bank rates Albania as the most corrupt country in Europe and this also applies to some within the police. In March, President Rexhep Meidani announced an official war on corruption but numerous arrests within the police have led to mutinies and internal conflicts. In January, allegations of corruption led to a firefight within the Shkoder police, which special forces had to quell.
    The international community is anxious to prevent the consolidation of transnational Albanian organised crime. It represents a new ethnic criminal threat and acts as a 'force multiplier' to existing organisations. The Italian police, for example, are concerned by the weapons and money-laundering services the Albanians can provide to the Apulian gangs.
    Some look to the success of deployments of foreign forces, notably Operation Alba (see box) and advocate a direct approach, possibly even a multinational force, to interdict smuggling routes. The alternative is for enhanced police-to-police contact and the provision of know-how and material aid. Along with others, the Italians have provided equipment to the Albanian police.
    Albania's new organised crime investigation team, established in January, is based on the Italian Direzione Anti-Mafia. Albanian officers are also being trained in Italy and there is increasing direct co-operation. In February Albanian and Italian coastguards arrested a gang escaping from Albania by boat with $350,000 stolen from a bank in Shkoder.
    But already, some opposition politicians have complained that government co-operation in international law-enforcement is little more than 'hidden colonialism'. If it begins to look as if the international community is interfering in Albania's domestic affairs, this will alienate local public opinion. An unstable state and a police force still seen widely as corrupt and ineffective will need popular legitimacy if they are to have any successes in curbing this most recent member of the European underworld.

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    Video is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media, primarily for viewing on television or computer monitors. Video Game A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories. There always must also be some sort of input device, usually in the form of button/joystick combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard & mouse/trackball combination (computer games), or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input (see also Game controller). Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe. NOTES Blues - The Blues is a vocal and instrumental music form which emerged in the African-American community of the United States. Blues evolved from West African spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. This musical form has been a major influence on later American and Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well as conventional pop songs and even modern classical music. Due to its powerful influence that spawned other major musical genres originating from America, blues can be regarded as the root of pop as well as American music.
    Hip Hop/Rap - Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style of popular music. It is made up of two main components: rapping (MCing) and DJing (audio mixing and scratching). Along with breakdancing and graffiti (tagging) these are the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth (mostly minorities such as African Americans and Latinos) in New York City in the early 1970s. Typically, hip hop music consists of one or more rappers who tell semi-autobiographic tales, often relating to a fictionalized counterpart, in an intensely rhythmic lyrical form making abundant use of techniques like assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. The rapper is accompanied by an instrumental track, usually referred to as a "beat", performed by a DJ, created by a producer, or one or more instrumentalists. This beat is often created using a sample of the percussion break of another song, usually a funk, rock, or soul recording. In addition to the beat other sounds are often sampled, synthesized, or performed. Sometimes a track can be instrumental, as a showcase of the skills of the DJ or producer.
    Rhythm and Blues - Rhythm and blues is a name for black popular music tradition. When speaking strictly of "rhythm 'n' blues", the term may refer to black pop-music from 1940s to 1960s that was not jazz nor blues but something more lightweight. The term "R&B" often refers to any contemporary black pop music. Early-1950s R&B music became popular with both black and white audiences, and popular records were often covered by white artists, leading to the development of rock and roll.A notable subgenre of rhythm 'n' blues was doo-wop, which put emphasis on polyphonic singing. In the early 1960s rhythm 'n' blues took influences from gospel and rock and roll and thus soul music was born. In the late 1960s, funk music started to evolve out of soul; by the 1970s funk had become its own subgenre that stressed complex, "funky" rhythm patterns and monotonistic compositions based on a riff or two. In the early to mid 1970s, hip hop music (also known as "rap") grew out of funk and reggae. Funk and soul music evolved into contemporary R&B (no longer an acronym) in the 1980s, which cross-pollinated with hip-hop for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century.
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